Thomas J. Brumm

Protein and oil patterns in U.S. and world soybean markets

The Japan Oilseed Processors Association provided yearly data showing the average protein and oil content of imported soybeans from the U.S. (No. 2 Yellow and IOM grades), Brazil, Argentina, and the Peoples Republic of China. Throughout the years 1972–1988, U.S. No. 2 soybeans contained about 1–1.5% less oil than Brazilian soybeans. Recently, the protein content of U.S. soybeans has also fallen behind that of Brazil. U.S. IOM soybeans, a designation based on seed size, contained about 1.5% more protein and about 0.5% less oil than U.S. No. 2 soybeans. Surveys of U.S. soybeans in the years 1986, 1987, and 1988 showed consistent state and regional differences in protein and oil content. Soybeans from northern and western soybean-growing states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin) contained 1.5–2% less protein and 0.2–0.5% more oil than soybeans from southern states (Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina). State and regional differences in composition represented differences of up to 25 cents per bushel in Estimated Processed Value for one set of soybean meal and oil prices.

Estimating the processed value of soybeans

Interest in marketing soybeans on the basis of protein and oil content is increasing. Producers, breeders, handlers and buyers of soybeans need a method of evaluating soybean lots of different composition. A model is presented that predicts, given soybean composition and processing conditions, the yield of crude soybean oil and soybean meal from the processing of soybeans in a solvent extraction plant. From these yields, an estimated processed value (EPV) was calculated. For one set of price conditions, the EPV of typical soybeans had a range of

Fatty acid composition of oil from adapted, elite corn breeding materials

0.93 per bushel if premiums were paid for meal protein in excess of specifications and a range of

Effects of pollination method and growing location on starch thermal properties of corn hybrids

0.53 per bushel if meal protein premiums were not paid. Trading rules established by the National Oilseed Processors Association for domestic meal markets have a significant effect on the value and composition of soybean meal.

Cracking and dehulling shriveled and wrinkled soybeans.

The fatty acid composition of corn oil can be altered to meet consumer demands for “healthful” fats (i.e., lower saturates and higher monounsaturates). To this end, a survey of 418 corn hybrids and 98 corn inbreds grown in Iowa was done to determine the fatty acid composition of readily-available, adapted, elite corn breeding materials. These materials are those used in commercial hybrid production. Eighty-seven hybrids grown in France (18 of which also were grown in lowa) were analyzed to determine environmental influence on fatty acid content. The parents of the hybrids and the inbreds were classified in one of four heterotic groups: Lancaster, Stiff Stalk, non-Lancaster/non-Stiff Stalk, and Other.t-Tests and correlation analyses were performed with statistical significance accepted at a level ofP≤0.05. The findings showed a wide range of fatty acid profiles present in adapted, elite corn breeding materials with ranges for each fatty acid as follows: palmitic acid, 6.7–16.5%; palmitoleic acid, 0.0–1.2%; stearic acid, 0.7–6.6%; oleic acid, 16.2–43.8%; linoleic acid, 39.5–69.5%; linolenic acid, 0.0–3.1%; and arachidic acid, 0.0–1.0%. Small amounts of myristic acid, margaric acid, and gadoleic acid also were found. Three lines had total saturates of 9.1% or less. Thirty-six of thet-tests involving hybrids showed significant differences among heterotic groups. There were small but significant correlations among protein, starch and oil content and the amounts of several fatty acids. Results from the corn grown in France vs. lowa demonstrated a large environmental effect that overwhelmed the genetic differences among lines. This study shows that for some attributes, a breeding program involving adapted corn breeding materials might produce the desired oil. Other types of oil (such as high-oleic) would have to be produced in a different manner, for example, by a breeding program with exotic breeding materials.

Protein and Oil Content of Soybeans Received at Country Elevators

ABSTRACT Starch gelatinization and retrogradation properties of corn were studied to determine the effect of controlled (self) pollination versus noncontrolled pollination on analytical determinations, and the potential to eliminate the expensive and time-consuming step of self-pollinating before research screening of corn genotypes. Twenty-four hybrids were grown in two Iowa locations, Story City and Ames. At Story City, all hybrids received three pollination treatments: self-pollination; small-plot, openpollination (representing corn from small test plots); and large-plot, openpollination (representing corn from a farmers field). Self-pollinated and small-plot, open-pollinated corn were grown in replicated two-row plots, whereas large-plot, open-pollinated corn was grown in unreplicated plots of 12.8 m × 8 rows. At Ames, the small-plot, open pollination treatment was not done. Starch was extracted from samples of corn harvested from each plot, and gelatinization and retrogradation properties were deter...

Use of Swine Manure to Improve Solid-State Fermentation in an Integrated Storage and Conversion System for Corn Stover

Midwest drought conditions in 1988 resulted in soybeans with shriveled and wrinkled seed coats. Processors expressed concerns about the processing of such misshapen seeds. The objective of this research was to determine the cracking and dehulling properties of shriveled and wrinkled (S/W) soybeans. Five lots of soybeans, two sound lots and three containing shriveled and wrinkled seeds, were cracked and dehulled, as were the sized and sorted fractions of these lots. Processing variables (% aspiration liftings, fiber removal in the liftings, % fines in the liftings, protein recovery, oil recovery, meats size distribution and oil-free meats fiber content) indicated significant differences between whole sound lots and whole lots containing S/W. There were differences in processing properties between these three types of soybeans (from best to worst)-sound soybeans from sound lots, sound soybeans from lots containing S/W beans and S/W soybeans. Size had an effect on processing; smaller beans did not process as well. The economic impact of S/W conditions was estimated by using a simulation model of soybean processing. Although the presence of S/W soybeans affected cracking and dehulling properties, it had a negligible effect on the Estimated Processed Value per Bushel (EPVB). Calculated blends of sound and S/W lots containing 20% S/W seeds had a decrease in EPVB of less than 0.2%.

Use of Iodoform to Improve Lactic Acid Production in the Biomass Ensilage Conversion System

Soybeans received at 12 central Iowa elevators in 1985-1987 were analyzed for protein and oil content. The standard deviation among deliveries to an individual elevator was 1.0 and 0.5 percentage points for protein and oil, respectively. About 15% of samples were above average in both nutrients. About 15% were below average in both nutrients. The rest were above average in one and below average in the other. Although the elevators were located within a 120-km (72-mile) diameter circle, some differences among locations in average protein and oil content were consistent over the three years of this study. Because 70% of the variability in protein and oil occurred at an individual elevator, it will be most important to identify protein and oil at the first point of sale. A near-infrared reflectance analyzer was capable of operating within the constraints of a large country elevator involved in corn and soybean trade.

Efficiency of Rotary Grain Cleaners in Dry Corn

Swine manure contains a host of chemical and biological constituents which make it desirable for amending lignocellulosic biomass in storage for year round processing in a biorefinery. Application of swine manure in an integrated biomass storage and conversion system was investigated to determine the potential for improved conversion of corn stover to organic acids and soluble carbohydrates during ensiling. Corn stover- swine manure mixtures were prepared containing swine manure at rates of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% while simultaneously being adjusted to 65% moisture on a wet basis and ensiled for 0, 1, 7, and 21 days. Samples were analyzed for pH, dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, and organic acids. All treatments, with the exception of the 60% manure substrate, produced a pH less than 4.5, which is sufficient for stable storage. Water-soluble carbohydrates were highest in the control treatment, producing a level of 3.0% DM at day 21. Lactic acid production was unaffected by the rate of manure, with a concentration of 2.8% DM reached at day 21. Acetic acid production was improved with the manure substrates. Manure amendment rates of 30%, 45%, and 60% produced the highest acetic acid concentration of 1.8% DM. Treatments of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% swine manure would be acceptable substrates for use in this system; however, if preservation of fermentable carbohydrates is a higher priority than organic acid production, then the pure corn stover substrate would be the most appropriate material to use.

Size determination of shriveled and wrinkled soybeans

Iodoform, an iodine-containing compound used in antiseptic applications, has been found to be effective at selectivity inhibiting certain microbial populations. Application of iodoform in a hybrid fermentation system was investigated to determine the potential for increased lactic acid production by inhibiting undesirable microbes which can metabolize lactic acid. Iodoform treatment rates of 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, and 0.23 g/kg dry matter (DM) were applied to a swine manure-corn stover substrate, containing 60 % manure, adjusted to 65 % moisture on a wet basis and ensiled for 0, 1, 7, and 21 days. A hemicellulase-cellulase enzyme mixture was also applied to all samples at a rate of 5 and 12.5 IU/g DM of hemicellulase and cellulase activity, respectively. Samples were analyzed for pH, water soluble carbohydrates, and organic acids. A substantial decrease in pH was observed in all treatments, but none of the treatments reached a pH of 4.5, which is sufficient for stable storage of corn stover biomass at 65 % moisture. Lactic and acetic acid production was increased with application of iodoform at 0.23 g/kg DM. Iodoform was also found to inhibit butyric fermentation, with a rate of 0.23 g/kg DM determined to be appropriate. Overall, iodoform can improve fermentation in the biomass ensilage conversion system by improving lactic acid production and inhibiting butyric fermentation.