Thomas J. Kulle
University of Maryland, Baltimore
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Featured researches published by Thomas J. Kulle.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal | 1982
Thomas J. Kulle; Larry R. Sauder; H. David Kerr; Bernard P. Farrell; Marcus S. Bermel; Dennis M. Smith
The duration of pulmonary function adaptation subsequent to cessation of a 5-day repeated ozone (O3) exposure was studied in 24 nonsmoking human subjects. A three-week, 3 hr/day study was conducted. The subjects received filtered air on Week 1 and 0.4 ppm O3 on Week 2. During Week 3, 13 subjects were re-exposed to O3 on Friday and 11 were re-exposed to O3 on Tuesday. Spirometric measurements (FVC and FEV1) and bronchial reactivity to methacholine showed adaptation within 2-3 days of the repeated daily exposures (Week 2). Although the duration of adaptation seen with bronchial reactivity appears longer than 7-days, the FVC and FEV1 clearly demonstrated complete loss of adaptation by 7 days, with a trend toward significance by 4 days. We conclude, therefore, the loss of ozone adaptation in pulmonary function is a gradual phenomenon lasting less than 7 days following cessation of repeated daily exposures.
Environmental Research | 1979
H.D. Kerr; Thomas J. Kulle; M.L. McIlhany; P. Swidersky
Abstract Twenty human subjects with asthma and chronic bronchitis and 10 normal, healthy adults were exposed to 0.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 2 hr in an environmental chamber. Seven of the 13 subjects with asthma experienced symptoms with exposure, while only one each of the subjects with chronic bronchitis and the healthy, normal group experienced symptoms. Significant pulmonary function changes from control values with exposure to NO2 were observed in decreased quasistatic compliance for the 10 normal subjects and the 20 subjects with asthma and chronic bronchitis. In addition, functional residual capacity increased significantly for the 20 subjects with asthma and chronic bronchitis. The subjects with asthma and the subjects with chronic bronchitis as separate groups, however, did not show any significant changes with exposure. With this study we are reasonably confident that exposure of subjects with asthma and chronic bronchitis to 0.5 ppm NO2 for 2 hr does not produce a significant decrement in their pulmonary function.
Toxicology and Industrial Health | 1987
Larry R. Sauder; Donald J. Green; Marie D. Chatham; Thomas J. Kulle
Previous studies have failed to demonstrate bronchoconstriction in unselected asthmatics after brief (≤ 1/2-h), controlled exposures to formaldehyde (HCHO). This study was designed to evaluate the acute pulmonary response to 3 ppm HCHO in nine nonsmoking asthmatic volunteers over a more relevant exposure duration (3 hrs). Pulmonary function, nonspecific airway reactivity and symp toms were assessed before and at intervals during the exposure. No significant changes in pulmonary function (FVC, FEV 1 , FEF 25-27% , SGaw, or FRC) or airway reactivity were observed. There was a significant increase in nose/throat irritation at 30 min. (P < 0.05) and in eye irritation at 60 min (P < 0.05) and 180 min (P < 0.01). These results suggest that individuals with asthma will not expe rience significant bronchoconstriction when exposed at rest to 3 ppm HCHO; however, most will experience eye and upper respira tory tract irritation.
J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc.; (United States) | 1987
Thomas J. Kulle; Larry R. Sauder; J. Richard Hebel; Donald J. Green; Marie D. Chatham
Industrial, commercial, and domestic levels of formaldehyde exposure range from 5.0 ppm. Irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract predominate, and bronchoconstriction is described in case reports. However, pulmonary function and irritant symptoms together have not been assessed over a range of HCHO concentrations in a controlled environment. We investigated dose response in both symptoms and pulmonary function associated with 3-h exposures to 0.0-3.0 ppm HCHO in a controlled environmental chamber. Ten subjects were randomly exposed to 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm HCHO at rest plus 2.0 ppm HCHO with exercise and nine additional subjects were randomly exposed to 0.0,1.0,2.0, and 3.0 ppm HCHO at rest plus 2.0 ppm HCHO with exercise. Significant dose-response relationships in odor and eye irritation were observed (p < 0.05). Nasal flow resistance was increased at 3.0 ppm (p < 0.01), but not at 2.0 ppm HCHO. There were no significant decrements in pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75%, SGaw...
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health | 1989
Donald J. Green; Rebecca Bascom; Edwin M. Healey; John R. Hebel; Larry R. Sauder; Thomas J. Kulle
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a common chemical found in occupational and residential environments and has been suggested as a cause of asthmalike symptoms in some individuals. Clinical and animal studies suggest that HCHO adsorbed on respirable particles may elicit a greater pulmonary physiologic and inflammatory effect than gaseous HCHO alone. The purpose of this study was to determine if respirable carbon particles have a synergistic effect on the acute symptomatic and pulmonary physiologic response to HCHO inhalation. We randomly exposed 24 normal, nonsmoking, methacholine-nonreactive subjects to 2 h each of clean air, 3 ppm formaldehyde, 0.5 mg/m3 respirable activated carbon aerosol, and the combination of 3 ppm formaldehyde plus activated carbon aerosol. The subjects engaged in intermittent heavy bicycle exercise (VE = 57 l/min) for 15 min each half hour. Measures of response included symptom questionnaires, spirometry, body plethysmography, and postexposure serial peak flows. Formaldehyde exposure was associated with significant increases in reported eye irritation, nasal irritation, throat irritation, headache, chest discomfort, and odor. We observed synergistic increases in cough, but not in other irritant respiratory tract symptoms, with inhalation of formaldehyde and carbon. Small (less than 5%) synergistic decreases in FVC and FEV3 were also seen. We observed no HCHO effect on FEV1; however, we did observe small (less than 10%) significant decreases in FEF25-75% and SGaw which may be indicative of increased airway tone. Overall, our results demonstrated synergism, but the effect is small and its clinical significance is uncertain.
Environmental Research | 1984
Thomas J. Kulle; J.H. Milman; Larry R. Sauder; H.D. Kerr; Bernard P. Farrell; W R Miller
Twenty smokers with chronic bronchitis were exposed to 0.41 ppm ozone for 3 hr-day for 5 consecutive days and reexposed 4 days later to determine (1) if they are sensitive to ozone, (2) if they adapt, and (3) if the adaptation lasts longer than 4 days. There were significant decrements in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 3 sec ( FEV3 ) on the first day of the 5-day repeated exposures and also on reexposure 4 days following cessation of the sequential exposures. Symptoms experienced were mild and did not predominate on any exposure days. These results suggest that individuals with chronic bronchitis adapt rapidly to ozone and lose this adaptive phenomenon within 4 days. The small decreases seen in FVC and FEV3 (less than or equal to 3%) appear to impose no more than minimal limitations on their daily activities.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal | 1984
Thomas J. Kulle; Larry R. Sauder; Frank Shanty; H. David Kerr; Bernard P. Farrell; W. Robert Miller; James H. Milman
The effect of exposures to 1 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 500 micrograms/m3 respirable ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] was studied in 20 nonsmoking subjects to determine if a response can be measured at these atmospheric levels and if the response is additive or synergistic. Four-hour separate and combined exposures were employed. Each subject acted as his or her own control and performed two light-to-moderate exercise stints (612 kg-m/min) for 15 minutes on each days confinement in the environmental chamber. Pulmonary function tests (body plethysmography and spirometry) and bronchial reactivity to methacholine were performed to assess the response of these exposures. No significant changes in pulmonary function or bronchial reactivity were observed in the individual exposures [(NH4)2SO4 or SO2], the combined exposure [(NH4)2SO4 and SO2], or 24 hours post-exposure. This study design and the observed results did not demonstrate any readily apparent risk to healthy subjects with these exposures. Since no significant changes were measured, it was not possible to conclude if these two pollutants in combination produce an additive or synergistic response.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal | 1986
Donald J. Green; Thomas J. Kulle
A formaldehyde (HCHO) generation system suitable for animal and human inhalation studies has been constructed and employed in a large scale human exposure chamber at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. The generation system employs modified industrial hygiene calibration manifolds to vaporize paraformaldehyde to form monomeric HCHO. Generated concentrations of HCHO were maintainable within ±5% of the target concentrations. Measurement of HCHO levels in the exposure chamber has demonstrated a close correlation (r2=.981) between the NIOSH chromotrophic acid technique and TGM-555 monitors over the range of 0.5 to 3.0 ppm, with the impinger-chromotrophic acid technique yielding an average of 95% of the TGM-555 measurements.
The American review of respiratory disease | 1991
Rebecca Bascom; Thomas J. Kulle; Anne Kagey-Sobotka; David Proud
The American review of respiratory disease | 1985
Thomas J. Kulle; Larry R. Sauder; J. Richard Hebel; Marie D. Chatham