Thorsten Bartels-Rausch

Ice structures, patterns, and processes: A view across the icefields

European Science Foundation workshop Euroice 2008 held in Granada, Spain from 1–4 October 2008; Spanish national project, Hielocris, financed by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; funding from FWF, Austria (No. P23027); MINCINN, Spain (No. FIS2010-16455, No. PR2010-0012, and No. FIS2010-22322-528C02-02); and SNSF, Switzerland (No. 200021121857)

UVA/Vis-induced nitrous acid formation on polyphenolic films exposed to gaseous NO2

Photochemical processes on ground and airborne surfaces have been suspected to lead to production of HONO in the sunlit lower troposphere, e.g. upon light activation of humic acids followed by reaction with adsorbed NO(2). Here, we used tannic and gentisic acids as proxies for atmospheric polyphenolic compounds to obtain further insights into the photoenhanced NO(2) conversion to HONO, which is a significant tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) source. The coated wall flow tube technique was used in combination with online detection of gas-phase HONO and NO(x) under different irradiation conditions. Photoenhanced HONO formation rates of 0.1 to 2 ppbv s(-1) were measured upon NO(2) (0-400 ppbv) uptake on tannic and gentisic acid coatings under irradiation with UV light. The data allow identification of three pathways of light-induced HONO formation: (I) photolysis of a nitroaromatic intermediate formed by a non-photochemical process in the dark, with a photolysis frequency of 10(4) s(-1) at 2 × 10(20) photons m(-2) photon flux; (II) direct photo-oxidation, presumably through electron or hydrogen transfer of the excited substrate; and (III) sensitized electron or hydrogen transfer as suggested before but also demonstrated for visible irradiation here. Aging of tannic acid under oxygen in the dark led to products which promoted light-induced HONO formation in the visible.

Adsorption of acetic acid on ice studied by ambient-pressure XPS and partial-electron-yield NEXAFS spectroscopy at 230-240 K.

Ice plays a key role in the environment, and the ice-air interface influences heterogeneous chemical reactions between snowpack or cirrus clouds and the surrounding air. Soluble gases have been suspected to affect the topmost, disordered layer on ice (often referred to as a quasiliquid layer, QLL). Changes are especially expected in the hydrogen-bonding structure of water in the presence of solutes at the ice surface. Here, we used ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to detect acetic acid at the ice surface at 230-240 K under atmospheric conditions for the first time. Electron-kinetic-energy-dependent C 1s spectra indicate that acetic acid remains confined to the topmost ice surface layers. Spectral analysis provides information about the protonation state of acetate at the ice surface. Surface-sensitive Auger-electron-yield C-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra were recorded to probe the molecular state of the adsorbed species. The O-edge NEXAFS spectra show only minor differences between clean ice and ice with adsorbed acetic acid and thus indicate that acetic acid does not lead to an extended disordered layer on the ice surface between 230 and 240 K.

Photoinduced reduction of divalent mercury in ice by organic matter

Reduction of divalent mercury and subsequent emission to the atmosphere has been identified as loss process from surface snow, but its mechanism and importance are still unclear. The amount of mercury that stays in the snow pack until spring is of significance, because during snow melt it may be released to the aquatic environment and enter the food web. Better knowledge of its fate in snow might further assist the interpretation of ice core data as paleo-archive. Experiments were performed under well-controlled laboratory conditions in a coated wall flow tube at atmospheric pressure and irradiated with light between 300 nm and 420 nm. Our results show that the presence of benzophenone and of oxalic acid significantly enhances the release of mercury from the ice film during irradiation, whereas humic acid is less potent to promote the reduction. Further it was found that oxygen or chloride, and acidic conditions lowered the photolytically induced mercury release in the presence of benzophenone, while the release got larger with increasing temperatures.

Interaction of gaseous elemental mercury with snow surfaces: laboratory investigation

The interaction of elemental mercury with ice surfaces based on the migration behaviour at sub-ppt concentrations in a packed bed flow tube is discussed. Analysis shows that elemental mercury interacts only weakly with ice surfaces and suggests an adsorption enthalpy of −28 ± 2k J mol −1 . The experiments further reveal an adsorption equilibrium constant, which quantifies the partitioning of elemental mercury between the surface and the gas phase, with a value of 12 cm at 140 K. Extrapolation to environmental conditions gives a range for the equilibrium constant of 3 × 10 −4 to 4 × 10 −3 cm at 230 K. S Supplementary data are available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/3/045009

Emerging Areas in Atmospheric Photochemistry

Sunlight is a major driving force of atmospheric processes. A detailed knowledge of atmospheric photochemistry is therefore required in order to understand atmospheric chemistry and climate. Considerable progress has been made in this field in recent decades. This contribution will highlight a set of new and emerging ideas (and will therefore not provide a complete review of the field) mainly dealing with long wavelength photochemistry both in the gas phase and on a wide range of environmental surfaces. Besides this, some interesting bulk photochemistry processes are discussed. Altogether these processes have the potential to introduce new chemical pathways into tropospheric chemistry and may impact atmospheric radical formation.

Standard States and Thermochemical Kinetics in Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry

The significance of the (often implicit) choice of standard state in the analysis and interpretation of heterogeneous chemical processes is not well acknowledged. This paper attempts to illuminate how the specific choice of standard state influences the numerical values of the parameters obtained from such analysis. Examples are drawn from air-solution and air-surface equilibria.

A surface-stabilized ozonide triggers bromide oxidation at the aqueous solution-vapour interface

Oxidation of bromide in aqueous environments initiates the formation of molecular halogen compounds, which is important for the global tropospheric ozone budget. In the aqueous bulk, oxidation of bromide by ozone involves a [Br•OOO−] complex as intermediate. Here we report liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements that provide direct experimental evidence for the ozonide and establish its propensity for the solution-vapour interface. Theoretical calculations support these findings, showing that water stabilizes the ozonide and lowers the energy of the transition state at neutral pH. Kinetic experiments confirm the dominance of the heterogeneous oxidation route established by this precursor at low, atmospherically relevant ozone concentrations. Taken together, our results provide a strong case of different reaction kinetics and mechanisms of reactions occurring at the aqueous phase-vapour interface compared with the bulk aqueous phase.Heterogeneous oxidation of bromide in atmospheric aqueous environments has long been suspected to be accelerated at the interface between aqueous solution and air. Here, the authors provide spectroscopic, kinetic and theoretical evidence for a rate limiting, surface active ozonide formed at the interface.

A novel synthesis of the N-13 labeled atmospheric trace gas peroxynitric acid

Abstract Radioactively labeled trace gases have been successfully used to study heterogeneous chemistry of atmospheric relevance. Here we present a new synthesis of gas-phase peroxynitric acid labeled with 13N (H13NO4) to study the interaction of HNO4 with ice and snow surfaces. A yield of about 30% for HNO4 was determined. The main by-products were HNO3 and HNO2. Exposure of an ice packed bed flow tube to these species revealed that the interaction with the surface scale in the order HNO3ߙ>ߙHNO4ߙ=ߙHNO2ߙ>ߙNO2.

Photochemical Formation of Nitrite and Nitrous Acid (HONO) upon Irradiation of Nitrophenols in Aqueous Solution and in Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol Proxy

Irradiated nitrophenols can produce nitrite and nitrous acid (HONO) in bulk aqueous solutions and in viscous aqueous films, simulating the conditions of a high-solute-strength aqueous aerosol, with comparable quantum yields in solution and viscous films (10-5-10-4 in the case of 4-nitrophenol) and overall reaction yields up to 0.3 in solution. The process is particularly important for the para-nitrophenols, possibly because their less sterically hindered nitro groups can be released more easily as nitrite and HONO. The nitrophenols giving the highest photoproduction rates of nitrite and HONO (most notably, 4-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol) could significantly contribute to the occurrence of nitrite in aqueous phases in contact with the atmosphere. Interestingly, dew-water evaporation has shown potential to contribute to the gas-phase HONO levels during the morning, which accounts for the possible importance of the studied process.