Tiana Milanda

Assessment of Risk Factors of Hepatotoxicity among Tuberculosis Patients

Tuberculosis is a devastating disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. If left untreated or not properly treated, it could lead to progressive tissue damage and even death. Short-term chemotherapy containing isoniazid, rifampicin. and pyrazinamide were proven to be very effective in the treatment of TB. However, the concern regarding its potential hepatotoxicity might hinder the completion of treatment. Information regarding risk factor of hepatotoxicity among Indonesian tuberculosis patients were limited. This study aimed to investigate risk factors of hepatotoxicity among Indonesian tuberculosis patients. This was a case-control study with retrospective approach conducted at one of the public hospital in Lampung, Indonesia. We included 320 tuberculosis patients who were classified as case (64 patients who were diagnosed with hepatotoxicity during hospitalization) and control (256 patients). Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age was significant risk factor of hepatotoxicity (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.056, 95% CI 1.0121, 1.091), while longer duration of hospitalization had a 1.4 lower odds of hepatotoxicity compared to control (adjusted OR 0.757, 95% CI 0.682, 0.839) (p<0.005). The results indicated that older patients were more likely to have hepatotoxicity, while patients with shorter duration of hospitalization tend to have higher risk of hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, age was the risk factor associated with hepatotoxicity among tuberculosis patients. Keywords: tuberculosis, hepatotoxicity, age, hospitalization

Identification of Dysbiosis Related Bacteria from New Zealand’s White Rabbit Intestinal Treated With Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 as Probiotics Food Supplementation

The gastrointestinal microoganisms encompass thousands of bacterial species that constitute a relatively stable ecosystem inside human body. Dysbiosis is an imbalance condition of beneficiary microbacteria cause by newer microorganism. This research aimed to investigate the effect of L. plantarum IS-10506 as probiotics supplementation on total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count; and also to identify the dysbiosis causing bacteria. Total bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae number on both control and test group were determined by Total Plate Count method. Identification of dysbiosis related bacteria were determined by fermentation test, gram staining, and Microbact™ 12A kit. The TPC result of total bacterial population on control group was 222.67 x 10 6 cfu/ml, while the probiotics induced group was 210.33 x 10 6 cfu/ml. As for the TPC result for Enterobacteriaceae population from control group was 12.00 x 10 6 cfu/ml, Enterobacteriaceae population in the probiotics induced group was 11.66 x 10 6 cfu/ml. Four genera related to dysbiosis has been isolated from the intestinal sample and all are rod-shaped Gram negative bacteria. In conclusion, the use of L. plantarum IS-10506 as food supplementation has reduced the total bacterial count. Four genera of dysbiosis related bacteria has been identified from the intestinal sample which include Eschericia, Serratia, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter .

DNA methyltransferase 3A gene polymorphism contributes to daily life stress susceptibility

Daily life stress markedly affects the response toward stressful stimuli. DNA methy-lation is one of the factors that regulate this response, and is a normal mechanism of somatic cell growth, but its regulatory gene variations may cause alterations in the stress response. The aim of the present study was to investigate genotypic variants of the DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) gene in 129 healthy subjects and evaluate its association with daily life stress. Blood samples were collected, and genomic DNA was isolated. DNA was amplified using specific tetra primers for DNMT3A (C/T) rs11683424 and visualized following 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The association of DNMT3A genetic variants with daily life stress was analyzed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). We observed that the distribution of subjects with genotype CC (wild type), CT (heteromutant), and TT (homomutant) was 13.95%, 81.4%, and 4.65%, respectively. Genetic variations significantly affected the daily life stress condition (p=0.04) in Indonesian healthy subjects, but most of the subjects with the CT phenotype were classified in a stress condition.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Dan Fraksi Teripang Laut (Stichopus horrens) Asal Langkawi, Malaysia terhadap Salmonella typhi ATCC 786 dan Salmonella paratyphi A Isolat Klinis

Demam tifoid merupakan salah satu penyebab penting morbiditas dan mortalitas di seluruh dunia oleh aktivitas mikroorganisme, seperti Salmonella typhi dan Salmonella paratyphi A. Salah satu sumber dari alam bahari yang digunakan untuk mencegah penyakit tifioid adalah Teripang Laut Gamat ( Stichopus horrens ). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol dan fraksi Teripang Laut ( Stichopus horrens ) serta menentukan fraksi teraktif, dan mengetahui Konsentrasi Hambat Tumbuh Minimum (KHTM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) dari bahan uji terhadap Salmonella typhi ATCC 786 dan Salmonella paratyphi A isolat klinis. Tahap penelitian meliputi determinasi bahan laut dan penyiapan simplisia, ekstraksi simplisia, uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak, fraksinasi ekstrak, uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak dan fraksi penentuan Konsentrasi Hambat Tumbuh Minimum (KHTM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) fraksi teraktif, penapisan fitokimia ekstrak dan fraksi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol Teripang Laut memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Salmonella typhi ATCC 786 dan Salmonella paratyphi A isolat klinis pada konsentrasi 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. Ekstrak ini berupa bentuk kristal, berwarna kuning keemasan, berbau amis, dan berasa asin dengan rendemen 6.625% (b/b) dan kadar air 5% (v/b). Fraksi teraktif dari ekstrak tersebut adalah fraksi etil asetat. Aktivitas antibakteri tersebut diduga berasal dari senyawa dari golongan alkaloid, flavanoid, saponin, monoterpenoid dan sequiterpenoid. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode difusi agar dengan teknik perforasi dan penentuan KHTM serta KBM dengan metode mikrodilusi dengan fraksi yang teraktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Konsentrasi Hambat Tumbuh Minimum (KHTM) untuk fraksi etil asetat Teripang Laut Gamat adalah pada rentang 10%-20% (b/v) terhadap kedua bakteri uji. Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) untuk fraksi etil asetat Teripang Laut Gamat adalah 20% (b/v) terhadap kedua bakteri uji.