Timothy Hildebrandt

The Political Economy of Social Organization Registration in China

The Chinese government uses legal registration to manage and control the rise of social organizations. To avoid negative government attention, organizations might be expected to actively pursue such registration. However, in-depth field research of Chinese NGOs in three issue areas (environmental protection, HIV/AIDS prevention, and gay and lesbian rights) reveals that this is not always the case. There are many conflicting political and economic incentives for both NGOs and government, complicating understandings of social organization registration in China. By shedding light on the process of registration, this article reveals the complexities of state–society relations and demonstrates the difficulties for social organizations to avoid significant government interference.

Development and Division: the effect of transnational linkages and local politics on LGBT activism in China

Identity movements, such as those representing LGBT communities, are assumed to be highly universalized; they are often thought to be highly dependent upon international linkages in order to emerge and develop. Although the Chinese LGBT movement owes much of its development to global civil society and international donors, this article presents survey and interview data that show its linkages with the international community are not as strong as we might expect. The article shows that economics and politics of transnational activism in China are tightly intertwined. The means by which LGBT activism has developed in China has simultaneously contributed to division within its ranks and with global civil society: the nature of international funding—while from foreign sources it is funneled through the Chinese government—and local political conditions ultimately impedes the growth of stronger transnational linkages.

Same-sex marriage in China? The strategic promulgation of a progressive policy and its impact on LGBT activism

Using the case of same-sex marriage in China, this article explores two fundamental questions: What motivates a non-democratic state to promulgate a progressive human rights policy? More importantly, when a non-democratic state adopts such policies, what is the impact on activism? I argue that same-sex marriage legislation could be used strategically to improve Chinas human rights reputation. While this would extend a pinnacle right to gays and lesbians, the benefits might not outweigh the costs: I show that when imposed from above, a same-sex marriage law would incur opportunity costs on activism; the passage of this progressive policy would eliminate an important issue around which the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans-gender/-sexual (LGBT) community might develop. Moreover, even if such policy is promulgated, the right to marry will do little to challenge the larger social pressures that make life difficult for LGBT Chinese.

‘Going Out’ or Staying In? The Expansion of Chinese NGOs in Africa

This article examines the overseas behaviour of Chinese non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in two African nations, Ethiopia and Malawi, with varying political regime types. Our findings suggest that, irrespective of regime type, Chinese NGOs have yet to make a substantial impact in either nation. We argue that, despite the strength of the Chinese state and high levels of international development assistance given, domestic politics and regulatory frameworks in host nations still matter a great deal. Our study suggests that the Chinese model of international development will continue to be one in which temporary one-off projects are favoured; and, insofar as social organisations will play a role, they will be in the domain of government-organised NGOs rather than grassroots NGOs.

Understanding the Challenges and Rewards of Social-Ecological Research in China

Interest in collaborative research on Chinese social and ecological systems has grown dramatically in recent decades. While international researchers are giving increased attention to China, foreign scholars, especially those new to China, are often unsure of the best way to find collaborators, garner sponsorship, and pursue research goals. Understanding research incentives for Chinese scientists, the culture of relationships, research topic sensitivity, and data access limitations are some of the challenges commonly experienced by foreign scholars in China. In this article we identify potential hurdles and offer remedies when possible so that foreign scholars can more readily adapt to Chinas scholarly environment and improve the prospect for mutually beneficial collaboration.

Conceptualizing Government-Organized Non-Governmental Organizations

The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in local and global governance has continued to grow, expanding across political, economic, and socio-cultural contexts. Nowhere has this growth been more notable than in authoritarian nation-states. Since the presence of NGOs have long been seen as a marker of civil society and antecedent to democracy, the growth of these organizations in authoritarian polities can be surprising. At a more basic level, this growth suggests a change in the nature of state-society relations, and has brought about renewed attention to the paradoxical government-organized, non-governmental organization (GONGO). Although these organizations have proved to be an academic curiosity, they have heretofore not been properly conceptualized. In this article we construct a working framework to identify and analyze the contemporary behaviour of GONGOs. In this pursuit we discuss how GONGOs’ activities fit within mainstream civil society theories and traditions, and suggest the emergence of what we call a ‘Xi-st’ tradition, rivaling the religious, Duntatist and Wilsonian NGO traditions. Furthermore, we contrast GONGOs and NGOs in terms of their sources of power, main functions and strategies for execution, and dilemmas. Finally, we theorize the effects, and implications the growth of GONGOs have on state and society relations globally.

The One-Child Policy, Elder Care, and LGB Chinese: A Social Policy Explanation for Family Pressure

ABSTRACT Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people in China consistently report family pressure as the greatest challenge they face in their daily lives. This problem has been explained primarily by highlighting sociocultural factors. While such explanations are important to understanding family pressure, they do not easily lead to actionable policy interventions to relieve it. This article suggests a new way of looking at family pressure by positing a social policy explanation. In particular, it reveals how both the one-child policy and elder care reforms have strong heteronormative biases that negatively and disproportionately affect LGB people, and it explores social policy interventions that may help address them. Beyond the China case, the article seeks to open up new avenues for research into how sexuality could be better accounted for in analyses of social policies and considered in broader discussions on defamilization and welfare state reform.

The next Trans-Atlantic frontier: examining the impact of language choice on support for transgender policies in the United Kingdom and the United States

ABSTRACT As American and British gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals have made major wins for “pinnacle rights,” such as same-sex marriage, attention has increasingly moved to a previously overshadowed part of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community: transgender (trans) people. Alongside more visibility in popular culture, trans people have been the subject of policy debates and proposals in both countries, seeking to both restrict and expand their rights. In this article we examine the extent to which language choice affects public support for policies pertaining to trans people in the United States and United Kingdom. We draw upon two survey experiments conducted in the United States and United Kingdom in July 2016 and find that, in general, different ways of referring to the trans population do not affect policy opinions. This study has implications for both understandings of the effectiveness of framing in increasingly media savvy environments and for the future of trans-related policies in the United States and United Kingdom.