Tino Grossmann

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarised helium-3

BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on magnetisation of hydrogen nuclei (protons) of water molecules in tissue as source of the signal. This technique has been valuable for studying tissues that contain significant amounts of water, but biological settings with low proton content, notably the lungs, are difficult to image. We report use of spin-polarised helium-3 for lung MRI. METHODS A volunteer inhaled hyperpolarised 3He to fill the lungs, which were imaged with a conventional MRI detector assembly. The nuclear spin polarisation of helium, and other noble gases, can be greatly enhanced by laser optical pumping and is about 10(5) times larger than the polarisation of water protons. This enormous gain in polarisation easily overcomes the loss in signal due to the lower density of the gas. FINDINGS The in-vivo experiment was done in a whole-body MRI scanner. The 3He image showed clear demarcation of the lung against diaphragm, heart, chest wall, and blood vessels (which gave no signal). The signal intensity within the air spaces was greatest in lung regions that are preferentially ventilated in the supine position; less well ventilated areas, such as the apices, showed a weaker signal. INTERPRETATION MRI with hyperpolarised 3He gas could be an alternative to established nuclear medicine methods. The ability to image air spaces offers the possibility of investigating physiological and pathophysiological processes in pulmonary ventilation and differences in its regional distribution.

3He-MRI-based measurements of intrapulmonary pO2 and its time course during apnea in healthy volunteers: first results, reproducibility, and technical limitations

We applied a recently developed method of following the time course of the intrapulmonary oxygen partial pressure pO2(t) during apnea by 3He MRI to healthy volunteers. Using two imaging series with different interscan times during two breathholds (double acquisition technique), relaxation of 3He due to paramagnetic oxygen and depolarization by RF pulses were discriminated. In all four subjects, the temporal evolution of pO2 was found to be linear, and was described by an initial partial pressure p0 and a decrease rate R. Also, regional differences of both p0 and R were observed. A correlation between p0 and R was apparent. Finally, we discuss limitations of the double acquisition approach. Copyright

3He MRI in healthy volunteers: preliminary correlation with smoking history and lung volumes

MRI with hyperpolarized helium‐3 (3He) provides high‐resolution imaging of ventilated airspaces. The first aim of this 3He‐study was to compare observations of localized signal defects in healthy smokers and non‐smokers. A second aim was to describe relationships between parameters of lung function, volume of inspired 3He and signal‐to‐noise ratio. With Ethics Committee approval and informed consent, 12 healthy volunteers (seven smokers and five non‐smokers) were studied. Imaging was performed in a 1.5 T scanner using a two‐dimensional FLASH sequence at 30V transmitter amplitude (TR/TE/α = 11 ms/4.2 ms/<10°). Known amounts of 3He were inhaled from a microprocessor‐controlled delivery device and imaged during single breath‐holds. Images were evaluated visually, and scored using a prospectively defined ‘defect‐index’. Signal‐to‐noise ratio of the images were correlated with localization, 3He volumes and static lung volumes. Due to poor image quality studies of two smokers were not eligible for the evaluation. Smokers differed from non‐smokers in total number and size of defects: the ‘defect‐index’ of smokers ranged between 0.8 and 6.0 (median = 1.1), that of non‐smokers between 0.1 and 0.8 (median = 0.4). Intraindividually, an anteroposterior gradient of signal‐to‐noise ratio was apparent. Signal‐to‐noise ratio correlated with the estimated amount of hyperpolarization administered (r = 0.77), but not with static lung volumes. We conclude that 3He MRI is a sensitive measure to detect regional abnormalities in the distribution of ventilation in clinically healthy persons with normal pulmonary function tests. Copyright

Volumetry of ventilated airspaces by 3He MRI: preliminary results.

Kauczor H-U, Markstaller K, Puderbach M, et al. Volumetry of ventilated airspaces by 3He MRI: Preliminary results. Invest Radiol 2001;36:110–114. rationale and objectives. To develop a validated postprocessing routine for volumetry of the ventilated airspaces by 3He MRI. methods.3Helium MRI and pulmonary function tests were performed in seven healthy volunteers. After segmentation of ventilated airspaces, their volumes were calculated. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was used as a reference. For comparison of absolute volumes, correction factors were evaluated. results.Mean lung volume (± standard deviation) calculated from 3He MRI was 4082 ± 908 mL and mean FRC was 3696 ± 1166 mL, with a mean difference of 386 mL (r = 0.88). After correction for the relative pulmonary air content (factor 0.82), posture (0.72), and the individual tidal volume, 3He MRI volume was 3348 ± 744 mL and mean FRC was 3422 ± 817 mL, with the mean difference down to −74 mL (r = 0.9). Comparison on an individual basis confirmed an improvement in the estimation of absolute lung volume. conclusions.Volumetry of ventilated lung from 3He MRI shows high correlation and good agreement with the results of pulmonary function tests.

Interdisciplinary experiments with polarized 3He

Abstract Optical pumping of metastable 3 He atoms is a very efficient method to produce large quantities of nuclear spin-polarized 3 He. Recent developments in mechanical compression of the gas, its storage and transport allow for its flexible use in different fields of physics and applied science. Among these are (1) scattering experiments of polarized beams from polarized 3 He-targets, (2) 3 He as neutron spin filter to polarize neutron beams at research reactors, and (3) polarized 3 He gas inhaled into the lungs to perform magnetic resonance imaging. The paper discusses the different topics along with results obtained in a first round of experiments.

Provision of hyperpolarized 3H⃗e and its application in MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) usually relies on magnetization of hydrogen nuclei (protons) in water or molecules in tissue as source of the signal. Biological environments with low proton content, notably the lungs, are difficult to image. Inhaling of hyperpolarized 3He gas opens the possibility to investigate ventilated spaces by MRI. To overcome the loss in signal due to the low density of the gas the nuclear polarization of the 3He spins is greatly enhanced by laser Optical Pumping. For more than three decades Optical Pumping of noble gases has been investigated, using spin exchange scattering (SE) or metastability exchange scattering (ME). Since powerful resonant laser light is available for Optical Pumping, large quantities of 3He gas can be operated. The original interest was the development of dense spin polarized targets for fundamental research in physics. As a spin off, the possibility of MRI of lung tissue filled with hyperpolarized 129Xenon was demonstrated in 1994. Later 3He was used for M...

Polarized high pressure {sup 3}H-vectore target at MAMI

In the frame of the A1-Collaboration at the Mainz Microtron a test measurement of doubly polarized 3He(e,e′n) scattering from a high pressure target was performed in July aiming for the determination of the neutron electric form factor Gen at high momentum transfer (Q2=0.7(GeV/c)2). Due to the small value of Gen compared to Gmn a preferred procedure is to determine the asymmetry in the exclusive quasi elastic scattering of polarized electrons (P≈70%, I⩾2μA) from polarized 3He. The scattered electrons are detected in a high resolution magnetic spectrometer while the scattering angles of the outgoing neutrons are measured in a plastic scintillator. In this reaction the polarized 3He nucleus serves as an effective polarized neutron target. Because of the large magnetic field gradients caused by the spectrometer and limited space at the target place, the 3He gas is polarized elsewhere and transported to the target place in specially prepared glass cells. The glass cells are designed for high pressure (up...