Tomoe Nakashima

Extratos, decoctos e óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais e aromáticas na inibição de Glomerella cingulata e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides de frutos de goiaba

The main disease of the guava (Psidium guajava L.), after harvesting, is anthracnose, caused by Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This pathogen and chemical residues of fungicides in fruits are considered the mains problems for exportation. In this work was evaluated the fungitoxic effect of extracts, decoctions and essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants in the mycelium growth of the pathogens, in vitro, to be recommended as an alternative to chemical control in postharvest. To prepare the aquous extracts a 10% and the decoctions (sub-products of hydrodistillation) were added in PDA medium, autoclaved and distributed into Petri dishes. The essential oils were added in three equidistant points by Petri dishes contening PDA medium. Discs of the isolates of the pathogen were placed on the center of the Petri dishes. The fungitoxic effect was evaluated by measuring the diameter of the colonies when the pathogens or any other treatment reached the border of the Petri dishes. The aquous extract and the essential oil from the clove inhibit in 100% of G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides growth, and the last one was totally inhibited by the essential oil of the lemon grass. The decoctions of rosemary, ginger, calendula, orange (Citrus sinensis) showed inhibition potencial to control both isolates of the pathogen. In the control of C. gloeosporioides also had good results the decoctions of mayweed, chamomile and tagetes. The total or partial mycelium growth inhibition of the Glomerella cingulata e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed the existence of compounds biologically actives with fungitoxic effect, in the extracts, decoctions and essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants. This indicated a potential application of this products as an alternative to control anthracnose in guavas fruits.

In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of Essential Oils of Eucalyptus benthamii and Its Related Terpenes on Tumor Cell Lines

Eucalyptus L. is traditionally used for many medicinal purposes. In particular, some Eucalyptus species have currently shown cytotoxic properties. Local Brazilian communities have used leaves of E. benthamii as a herbal remedy for various diseases, including cancer. Considering the lack of available data for supporting this cytotoxic effect, the goal of this paper was to study the in vitro cytotoxic potential of the essential oils from young and adult leaves of E. benthamii and some related terpenes (α-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, and γ-terpinene) on Jurkat, J774A.1 and HeLa cells lines. Regarding the cytotoxic activity based on MTT assay, the essential oils showed improved results than α-pinene and γ-terpinene, particularly for Jurkat and HeLa cell lines. Terpinen-4-ol revealed a cytotoxic effect against Jurkat cells similar to that observed for volatile oils. The results of LDH activity indicated that cytotoxic activity of samples against Jurkat cells probably involved cell death by apoptosis. The decrease of cell DNA content was demonstrated due to inhibition of Jurkat cells proliferation by samples as a result of cytotoxicity. In general, the essential oils from young and adult leaves of E. benthamii presented cytotoxicity against the investigated tumor cell lines which confirms their antitumor potential.

HPLC analysis of flavonoids in Eupatorium littorale

Neste trabalho sao descritos o isolamento e a identificacao de eupafolina e hispidulina das folhas secas de Eupatorium littorale (Asteraceae). Foi desenvolvido tambem um metodo para a deteccao desses flavonoides e de rutina na planta, utilizando a tecnica de CLAE em fase reversa com detetor de arranjo de fotodiodos. Eupafolina e hispidulina foram quantificados sendo encontradas as concentracoes de 0,29% e 0,21%, respectivamente.

Essential Oils from Different Plant Parts of Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. (Myrtaceae) as a Source of 1,8-Cineole and Their Bioactivities

Eucalyptus cinerea, known as silver dollar tree, has few descriptions in traditional medicine. Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of leaves, flowers and fruits, collected seasonally, were determined by GC/MS and disk diffusion/MIC, respectively. 1,8-Cineole was the main compound, particularly in fresh leaves—Spring (74.98%), dried leaves—Spring (85.32%), flowers—Winter (78.76%) and fruits—Winter (80.97%). Other compounds were found in the aerial parts in all seasons: α-pinene (2.41% to 10.13%), limonene (1.46% to 4.43%), α-terpineol (1.73% to 11.72%), and α-terpinyl acetate (3.04% to 20.44%). The essential oils showed antimicrobial activities against bacteria and yeasts, with the best results being found for the dried autumn and winter leaves oils (MIC < 0.39 mg/mL) against Streptococcus pyogenes. For the other tested microorganisms the following MIC results were found: Staphylococcus aureus— Dried leaves oil from summer (0.78 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa—Flowers oil from autumn and fruits oil from winter (1.56 mg/mL) and Candida albicans—Flowers oil from autumn and fruits oils from winter and spring (0.78 mg/mL).

Composição química e atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus cinerea F. Mull. ex Benth., Myrtaceae, extraído em diferentes intervalos de tempo

Eucalyptus cinerea is used as an ornamental plant and shows good concentration of essential oil. The aim of this work is a chemical investigation and analysis of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Eucalyptus cinerea collected at different times interval. This oil was obtained by hydrodestilation in a Clevenger apparatus, the chemical ivestigation was perfoomed by GC/MS and the antimicrobial activity was assayed in vitro using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8.739, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12.228, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9.027 and Candida albicans ATCC 10.231. The yield of the essential oil was 6.07 % (v/w) collected in the first hour of hidrodestilation. It was also observed a higher concentration of 1,8-cineole in the fraction collected in a quarter of hour and and one hour. The main components investigated in the essential oils by GC/MS were: 1,8-cineole, a-pineno, limoneno and a-terpineol. The antimicrobial study using agar diffusion method showed antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast.

Análise morfoanatômica de folhas de Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees, Lauraceae

Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees is a native woody species. It occurs all over tropical and subtropical America, in almost all the forest formations. It is known as guaica, canela-guaica and canela-sebo, being used by indigenous communities to treat skin diseases and tumours. This work has analysed the leaf morpho-anatomy of the species, in order to supply anatomical information for its identification. The botanical material was fixed and prepared according to usual optical and scanning microtechniques. The leaves are alternate, simple, entire, elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate and revolute at the base. The leaf anatomy shows paracytic stomata and unicellular non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial surface, dorsiventral mesophyll and biconvex midrib consisting of a collateral bundle in open arc. Oil and mucilage cells are found in leaf anatomical structure.

Caracterização anatômica das folhas de Cunila microcephala Benth. (Lamiaceae)

This work has focused on the structural organization analysis of Cunila microcephala leaves in photonic microscopic and electronic scanning. Conventional techniques have been used to prepare the material for obtaining semi-permanent plates. For the preparation of permanent plates, the immersion into glycol methacrylate (GMA) has been performed. The structural organization of leaves belonging to this species reveals stomata in both faces with predominance in the abaxial face (amphihypostomatic leaf). The adaxial face stomata belongs to the diacytic type. The anticlinal walls of the epidermis cells of the adaxial face are sinuous and present irregular thickening. The epidermis of both faces is single layered. Uniserial tectorial trichomes and single celled and multicelled capitate glandular trichomes are present in both faces. The mesophyll is heterogeneous dorsi-ventral. Idioblasts containing inulin crystals are present throughout the foliar plate. The central veins in cross-section, in the medium portion of the foliar plate, have shown a very simple organization, not an outstanding one, where the chlorophyllian palisade parenchyma presents a solution of continuity. The vascular fagots are collateral.

Investigação da presença de óleo essencial em Eucalyptus smithii R.T. Baker por meio da anatomia de seu lenho e casca.

The material used in the present work came from 15 Eucalyptus smithii R. T. Baker trees grown in the experimental field of Embrapa Forests, in Colombo county, that were planted in 1988. The anatomical characterization of the wood and bark was accomplished using material prepared by Wood Anatomy and Identification Laboratory of IPT, and Wood Anatomy Laboratory of Federal University of Parana State. The essential oil extraction and analysis was made using ABNT procedures in the Phytochemistry Laboratory of Federal University of Parana State. The wood and bark of the Eucalyptus smithii had a homogeneous anatomical structure. In bark were found secretory cavities, but in wood they were not present, only quino veins and being the oil presence insignificant. The essential oil from bark had physical-chemistry characteristics in disagreement with international specifications for the eucalypt essential oils, rich in 1,8-cineole; therefore it is not economically viable to explore this component.

Direct proof by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance of semi-purified extract and isolation of ent -Catechin from leaves of Eucalyptus cinerea

Background: Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. is native to Australia and acclimatized to Southern Brazil. Its aromatic leaves are used for ornamental purposes and have great potential for essential oil production, although reports of its use in folk medicine are few. Objective: This study evaluated the composition of E. cinerea leaves using the solid state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and isolation of the compound from the semipurified extract (SE). Materials and Methods: The SE of E. cinerea leaves was evaluated in the solid state by 13C-NMR spectrum, and the SE was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column, followed by high-speed counter-current chromatography to isolate the compound. The SE was analyzed by 13C-NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight spectra. Results: Flavan-3-ol units were present, suggesting the presence of proanthocyanidins as well as a gallic acid unit. The uncommon ent-catechin was isolated. Conclusion: The presence of ent-catechin is reported for the first time in this genus and species.

Extração de nutrientes pela parte aérea de carqueja sob a influência de fontes e doses de nitrogênio

This research was aimed at determining the influence of nitrogen sources and levels on the amount and concentration of nutrients extracted from the shoots of carqueja six months after planted. The amount and concentration were correlated to the essential oil and dry matter production. The experiment was conducted at Experimental Station of Canguiri (UFPR), with experimental design in random blocks with seven treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of 4, 8 and 16 grams of nitrogen (N) per plant of urea and manure sources, and a control without N application. The fertilization was done two times with an interval of two months. There was no statistical difference between content and extraction of nutrients for treatments for these soil fertility conditions. Similar results were observed for dry matter and essential oil production. The nutrient extraction for aerial parts presented the decreasing sequence K > N > Ca > S > Mg > P for macronutrients and Mn >Fe > B > Zn > Cu for micronutrients.