Umberto Klock

Avaliação do processo produtivo de uma indústria de manufatura de painéis por meio do balanço de material e do rendimento da matéria-prima

The present study aimed at evaluating the productive process of panels, using the principles of material balance and the yield of wood raw material, in order to establish a methodology to be applied in other wood industries. This work was carried out in the panel-manufacturing sector of Battistella Industria e Comercio Ltda, State of Santa Catarina. Data were obtained by means of visits, questionnaire application and office data. In order to represent the material balance some equations and a flowchart were produced. Based on these data, it was possible to conclude that the industry is integrated, fact that represents a competitive advantage. The material balance indicated that the activity with the highest potential to produce waste was wood lath preparation (55,71% from all the waste); the activities with the highest yield were pressing (97,44%) followed by sectioning (93,92%); boarding (93,51%); sandpapering (90,97%) and lath preparation (54,51%). The overall yield of manufacturing was 63,16%. These values were similar to those found in the literature. The methodology developed in this study is simple and may be applied to any other industry of the wood sector.

Evaluation of the energy-related properties of tropical wood waste using NIR spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy-related potential of wood residues of four Amazonian species and calibrate the properties of wood and charcoal using the Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) technique. Residue slabs of cardeiro (Scleronema micranthum Ducke), cedrinho (Scleronema sp.), louro (Ocotea sp.), and piquiarana (Caryocar villosum Pers.) wood were used. The following properties were determined: density, chemical composition, immediate chemical analysis, and superior calorific value of wood; and yield, immediate chemical analysis, calorific value, and friability of charcoal. NIR spectra were obtained and calibration models were generated for each energy property. The results indicate that residues of these forest species can be used as a renewable energy source. NIR spectroscopy has proved to be a possible tool for calibrating energy properties of wood.

Avaliação das Propriedades Energéticas de Resíduos de Madeiras Tropicais com Uso da Espectroscopia NIR / Evaluation of the Energy-related Properties of Tropical Wood Waste Using NIR Spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy-related potential of wood residues of four Amazonian species and calibrate the properties of wood and charcoal using the Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) technique. Residue slabs of cardeiro (Scleronema micranthum Ducke), cedrinho (Scleronema sp.), louro (Ocotea sp.), and piquiarana (Caryocar villosum Pers.) wood were used. The following properties were determined: density, chemical composition, immediate chemical analysis, and superior calorific value of wood; and yield, immediate chemical analysis, calorific value, and friability of charcoal. NIR spectra were obtained and calibration models were generated for each energy property. The results indicate that residues of these forest species can be used as a renewable energy source. NIR spectroscopy has proved to be a possible tool for calibrating energy properties of wood.

Análise química do bambu-gigante ( Dendrocalamus giganteus Wall. ex Munro) em diferentes idades

O bambu e uma planta monocotiledonea de origem tropical, de rapido crescimento, sendo considerado um importante regenerador ambiental devido ao seu sistema radicular. O Dendrocalamus giganteus e popularmente conhecido por bambu-gigante, sendo uma especie entouceirante de grande porte, cujos colmos podem variar de 24 a 40 metros de altura, com diâmetros entre 10 e 20 cm. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar quimicamente os colmos do bambu-gigante visando fornecer informacoes sobre a sua composicao quimica nas idades de 2 a 6 anos. Os colmos do bambu foram coletados na area Experimental Agricola do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da UNESP-Bauru, onde e realizado o manejo sistematico de diversas especies de bambu para fins de pesquisas e divulgacao dessa planta. Foram retiradas amostras da base entre bambus com idade de 2 a 6 anos de uma mesma touceira, totalizando 5 amostras, com 2 metros de altura cada, colhidas na lua minguante no mes de marco. As analises quimicas foram feitas com os entrenos, utilizando as normas e procedimentos da TAPPI. A porcentagem media de extrativos em agua quente, extrativos em agua fria, extrativos totais e teor de cinzas nao apresentaram relacao direta com a idade. A maior porcentagem de extrativos em agua quente, com valor de 12,04%, extrativos em agua fria, com 10,25%, e extrativos totais, com 12,91%, foi observada aos 2 anos de idade. A maior porcentagem de cinzas foi obtida aos tres anos, com valores de 1,09%. O teor medio de extrativos em NaOH diminui de 25,72% aos dois anos para 20,17% aos seis anos de idade. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os extrativos em etanol tolueno, diminuindo de 10,91% para 4,61%. O teor medio de lignina nao sofreu influencia da idade, variando de 22,66 a 24,11%.

Investigação da presença de óleo essencial em Eucalyptus smithii R.T. Baker por meio da anatomia de seu lenho e casca.

The material used in the present work came from 15 Eucalyptus smithii R. T. Baker trees grown in the experimental field of Embrapa Forests, in Colombo county, that were planted in 1988. The anatomical characterization of the wood and bark was accomplished using material prepared by Wood Anatomy and Identification Laboratory of IPT, and Wood Anatomy Laboratory of Federal University of Parana State. The essential oil extraction and analysis was made using ABNT procedures in the Phytochemistry Laboratory of Federal University of Parana State. The wood and bark of the Eucalyptus smithii had a homogeneous anatomical structure. In bark were found secretory cavities, but in wood they were not present, only quino veins and being the oil presence insignificant. The essential oil from bark had physical-chemistry characteristics in disagreement with international specifications for the eucalypt essential oils, rich in 1,8-cineole; therefore it is not economically viable to explore this component.

Características da Polpa kraft Extraída da Espécie Acácia-negra na Produção de Papel

Foram avaliadas as caracteristicas da polpa kraft com branqueamento (c/b) e sem branqueamento (s/b) em diferentes tempos de refino da especie Acacia mearnsii De Wild. A composicao quimica mostrou baixas concentracoes de lignina acida insoluvel, extrativos totais e solubilidade em NaOH a 1%. O rendimento bruto de 47,62% foi regular devido as caracteristicas da fibra. O Kappa foi 4,5 (c/b) e 12,3 (s/b), ambos baixos. O indice de drenabilidade 26 oSR com T30’ de refino (c/b) ficou proximo do ideal. Os maiores indices nas propriedades mecânicas foram: tracao, com 66,17 N.m/g em T30’ de refino s/b; rasgo, com 12,94 mN.m2/g em T15’ de refino c/b; estouro, com 5,21 KPa.m2/g em T30’ de refino c/b, e nas propriedades opticas, a alvura, com 81,8% em T0’ de refino c/b e opacidade em 97,1%, com T0’ de refino s/b. Com essas caracteristicas, a especie apresenta potencial para o setor na fabricacao de papeis sanitarios tissue, decorativos, dentre outros.

INFLUÊNCIA DA LAVAGEM INTERMEDIÁRIA NA DESLIGNIFICAÇÃO COM OXIGÊNIO EM POLPA KRAFT

In the oxygen delignification lignin is removed from the pulp by applying high pressure oxygen, under alkaline conditions, resulting in a lower demand for chemicals in bleaching. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of washing (conventional and acid) between two stages of O2 on the amount of residual lignin and transition metal present in samples of Pine Kraft pulp with 48.5 initial kappa. The reduction of kappa number and pulp degradation after two stages of O2 treatment with increase of final brightness on sheet produced were observed. The metal content of pulp during oxygen delignification was influenced by washing process, and the acid wash removed more percentage of metallic ions than conventional wash. The best results were obtained with the removal of the element manganese. The acid wash between two stages of delignification contributed to the control of transition metals, which optimize the use of bleaching reagents in the following steps. We concluded that the intermediate washing improves the performance of the oxygen delignification of high kappa number pulps performed in two stages.

PRINCIPAIS MADEIRAS UTILIZADAS PARA LAMINAÇÃO REGIÃO DE CURITIBA, PR

This work is about identification of main species used in veneer production in Curitiba, Parana State, Brazil, and popular names variation, for a correct identification. Seventy two sliced veneers and rotary cut veneers samples, from species based on frequency and utilization importance, were collected. Because of samples characteristics, the identification was based in peculiar structures. Thirty seven species were identified. Incorrect commercial names in association to botanical names were verified. Identification technics adoption, based on anatomic characteristics, and nomenclature standard, using papers made by competent members, are necessary.