Tonantzin Ribeiro Gonçalves

O envolvimento paterno durante a gestação

O periodo de gestacao da companheira exige uma serie de adaptacoes por parte do pai, que precisa se preparar para os novos papeis que devera assumir frente ao bebe e a sua nova familia. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar como se da o envolvimento paterno durante o 3o trimestre de gestacao. Participaram deste estudo 35 pais que esperavam seu primeiro filho, com idades entre 21 e 40 anos. Os pais foram entrevistados individualmente e as suas respostas foram examinadas atraves de analise de conteudo. Os resultados indicaram que muitos pais estiveram envolvidos de diversas maneiras durante a gestacao de suas companheiras, mostrando-se emocionalmente conectados a gestante e ao bebe. No entanto, alguns pais ainda encontravam dificuldades quanto ao envolvimento com seu filho, parecendo nao percebe-lo como real e apresentando uma baixa ligacao emocional com a gestacao. Estes dados apontam para indicios de uma modificacao quanto a paternidade ja no periodo da gestacao, a qual se encontra cada vez menos restrita ao universo feminino.

Avaliação de apoio social em estudos brasileiros: aspectos conceituais e instrumentos

This study investigated the different ways of evaluating the social support in Brazilian studies. A surveying of scientific Brazilian publications from 1987 to 2007 was done in the Indexpsi, Pepsic, SciELO and Lilacs databases according to keywords social support and social network. Fifty-five studies included some type of assessing social support in Brazilian samples. The results indicated a rise in the number of studies about social support assessment in the last years using interviews to investigate received and perceived support, predominantly. However, the construction was applied without theoretical basis and was associated with many other concepts, sometimes without an appropriate articulation. Besides, there were evidences of lacking reliable, valid and standardized instruments to Brazilian population by considering the instruments currently used and revised by this study.

Association of chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol with low saliva flow in a sample of south-Brazilians aged 50 years and older

BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the relationship between depression symptoms, chronic stress or physiological measures of stress such as cortisol levels and saliva secretion. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of low saliva flow with chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol in a population aged 50 years and older. METHODS Participants (n = 227) were recruited from community clubhouses and among dementia caregivers. Stress was assessed using the Lipps Stress Symptoms Inventory and salivary cortisol measurements. In addition, taking care of a relative with dementia was included as a proxy variable for chronic stress. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Saliva flow rate was assessed by measuring unstimulated and chewing-stimulated saliva flow. Further saliva samples were collected (morning, noon, night) for cortisol analysis by means of radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Gender, being a dementia caregiver, self-reported diabetes and prescriptive medication intake were independently associated with a low stimulated saliva flow. Prescriptive medication intake was also associated with a low unstimulated saliva flow. CONCLUSION Caregiving, a proxy of chronic stress, was associated with low stimulated saliva flow, indicating that stress may have a potential role in salivary gland hypofunction.

Psychological distress in Brazilian caregivers of relatives with dementia

The authors evaluated stress, anxiety, depression, and feelings of hopelessness in caregivers of relatives with dementia. One hundred and twenty-nine caregivers and 145 non-caregivers who lived in metropolitan Porto Alegre, Brazil completed Lipps Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults, (ISSL), and Becks Anxiety (BAI), Depression (BDI), and Hopelessness (BHS) scales. Caregivers showed higher levels of anxiety, depression, hopelessness, resistance/pre-exhaustion stress than controls. This study indicates that constant caregiving may significantly increase the risk of physical and mental health problems for caregivers in Brazil.

Experiência da maternidade no contexto do HIV/Aids aos três meses de vida do bebê

This study investigated motherhood experience in HIV-positive women on the third-month-baby. Six mothers, aged from19 to 30, from low socioeconomic level took part in this study. Three of these mothers got pregnant knowing that they were infected, while the others were informed during or soon after delivery. The mothers were interviewed and their accounts were examined by means of a qualitative content analysis based on four themes: life-growth, primary relatedness, support matrix, and identity reorganization. The results showed that mothers were worried about having infected their babies and about his/her health. They reported also uncertainty feelings concerning to the future, guilt, and fear of discrimination. These fears seemed more intense for the three mothers who had their diagnosis during or soon after delivery. Issues such as HIV/Aids-related stigma, family conflicts, difficulties in assimilating the diagnosis and the treatment, socioeconomic difficulties and lack of support required large emotional strength from these women. The need for psychological support and psychosocial intervention with these mothers is discussed. This could contribute for their treatment adherence, their quality of life, and the development of their children.

Aspectos psicológicos da gestação e da maternidade no contexto da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS.

A epidemia de HIV/aids tem atingido cada vez mais mulheres em idade reprodutiva, sendo que muitas ja sao maes ou se tornam maes quando descobrem a infeccao. Os estudos revisados indicam que a infeccao pelo HIV/Aids pode alterar de muitas formas a experiencia da gestacao e da maternidade, gerando uma sobrecarga psicologica relacionada ao estigma e ao risco de transmissao para a crianca. Apesar disso, pesquisas sugerem que muitas mulheres portadoras do HIV/Aids buscam transmitir uma identidade materna positiva para os filhos e se preocupam intensamente com o futuro deles. Foram encontrados poucos estudos brasileiros sobre aspectos psicologicos da maternidade nesse contexto, em especial a respeito do impacto da profilaxia para prevencao da transmissao vertical sobre a experiencia da gestacao, do parto e do puerperio. As dificuldades em aderir ao tratamento e a praticas sexuais seguras denotam a falta de atencao as demandas especificas dessas maes, sendo que o foco das politicas de saude permanece sobretudo dirigido para a crianca.

Envolvimento paterno aos três meses de vida do bebê

O presente estudo investigou o envolvimento paterno aos tres meses de vida do bebe. Foram entrevistados 38 pais primiparos, com idades entre 20 e 40 anos. Realizou-se uma analise de conteudo baseada nas dimensoes do conceito de envolvimento paterno: interacao, acessibilidade e responsabilidade. Os pais revelaram envolverem-se nas atividades de cuidado, embora nem sempre de maneira rotineira. Tambem relataram preocupacoes e envolvimento nas decisoes relativas aos cuidados, educacao e saude do bebe. Contudo, consideravam que sua participacao estava aquem da ideal em funcao das restricoes impostas pelo trabalho. Os resultados apontam para um aumento no envolvimento paterno nos primeiros meses do bebe e para a necessidade de apoio aos pais neste momento de transicao familiar

Vida reprodutiva de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS: revisando a literatura

Considering the current context of the HIV epidemic, issues like reproduction and mother-to-child HIV transmission became frequent. They have led to different opinions from infected people and healthcare pro- fessionals. the present study aimed to identify the impact of the HIV infection on the reproductive life of those affected, considering motherhood and fatherhood rights. an extensive literature review on biological, psycholo- gical and social aspects that are part of the reproductive health assistance was conducted. We identified that the predominance of a biological logic and the social impact of the epidemic restrict the reproductive experiences of motherhood and fatherhood of people infected with HIV. We believe that health policies should be oriented by principles of integrality and individual autonomy, in a context of a psychosocial support and orientation.

Gestão e processos de trabalho nos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento de Porto Alegre-RS na perspectiva de seus aconselhadores

O estudo objetivou avaliar o trabalho nos Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTAs) do municipio de Porto Alegre-RS na perspectiva de seus aconselhadores. Tratou-se de pesquisa qualitativa envolvendo a realizacao de seis grupos focais com 13 aconselhadoras dos tres CTAs do municipio. Os relatos foram submetidos a analise de conteudo qualitativa, resultando na categoria tematica central Conjugacoes entre gestao e processos de trabalho nos CTAs. Na visao das aconselhadoras, os servicos sao essenciais para o diagnostico e a prevencao em HIV/Aids e contribuem muito para a efetivacao dos atendimentos nessa area. Contudo, os servicos estariam vivendo uma crise quanto ao seu papel, em funcao da expansao do aconselhamento e da testagem anti-HIV para a rede basica de saude. Essas mudancas trouxeram angustias e incertezas, principalmente pela falta de dialogo com as esferas gestoras e pela ausencia de diretrizes claras para o trabalho no contexto das novas politicas nacionais. Os achados tambem evidenciaram a preocupacao com a qualidade e a forma como o aconselhamento sera realizado na Atencao Basica, bem como a necessidade de mais profissionais para o atendimento em HIV/Aids e de consultas com especialidades medicas. Acredita-se que estrategias de gestao participativa poderiam contribuir no redirecionamento da atuacao dos CTAs, fortalecendo o matriciamento da testagem e do aconselhamento em HIV e reforcando os CTAs na atencao de maior complexidade e como formadores de recursos humanos na area.

Social Class, Workplace Experience, and Child-Rearing Values of Mothers and Fathers in Southern Brazil

We investigated associations among social class, parents’ work experiences, and their child-rearing values in a sample of mothers and fathers drawn from southern Brazil, testing Kohn’s hypothesis that parents who experience greater decision-making autonomy at work and who perceive their jobs to be more complex will be more likely to value self-direction and less likely to value conformity in their children. We also tested the hypothesis that the relation between social class and values would be mediated by workplace experiences. Participants included 68 parents (38 mothers, 30 fathers; 46 working class, 22 middle class) of 36-month-old children who were part of a longitudinal study. Correlation analyses revealed few associations among social class, workplace experiences, and child-rearing values among the mothers, but among the fathers these variables associated in the expected direction. The results also indicated that workplace experience mediates the relation between social class and values, although only for fathers. Our findings supported Kohn’s hypothesis regarding differences between social-class groups and highlighted that the relation between work experience and parental values varied by parents’ gender. Social and cultural issues regarding work context and parental values between women and men in southern Brazil are discussed.