Toyohei Saigusa

Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)

Phylogenetic relationships among three paraneopteran clades (Psocodea, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera) were analysed based on the morphology of forewing base structure. Monophyly of Paraneoptera was supported by nine autapomorphies, monophyly of Condylognatha (= Thysanoptera + Hemiptera) by two autapo‐ morphies, monophyly of Thysanoptera by five autapomorphies and monophyly of Hemiptera by one autapomorphy. Thus, (Psocodea + (Thysanoptera + Hemiptera)) were proposed to be the phylogenetic relationships within Paraneoptera. A homoplastic similarity of the third axillary sclerite was observed between Thysanoptera and Heteroptera, and a possible evolutionary factor providing this homoplasy was discussed. The present analysis also suggested a monophyletic Auchenorrhyncha, and reduction of the proximal median plate was considered as an autapomorphy of this clade.

Phylogeny, biogeography, and host-plant association in the subfamily Apaturinae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from eight nuclear and seven mitochondrial genes.

The subfamily Apaturinae consists of 20 genera and shows disjunct distributions and unique host-plant associations. Most genera of this subfamily are distributed in Eurasia South-East Asia and Africa, whereas the genera Doxocopa and Asterocampa are distributed mainly in South America and North America, respectively. Although the Apaturinae larvae mainly feed on the Cannabaceae, those of the genus Apatura are associated with Salix and Populus (Salicaceae), which are distantly related to the Cannabaceae. Here, we infer the phylogeny of Apaturinae and reconstruct the history of host shifting and of colonization in the New World. We analyzed 9761 bp of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, including the genes encoding EF1a, Wg, ArgK, CAD, GAPDH, IDH, MDH, RpS5, COI, COII, ATPase8, ATPase6, COIII, ND3, and ND5 for 12 apaturine genera. We also inferred the phylogeny with six additional genera using mitochondrial sequence data alone. Within the Apaturinae, two major clades are recovered in all the datasets. These clades separate the New World genera, Doxocopa and Asterocampa, indicating that dispersal to the New World occurred at least twice. According to our divergence time estimates, these genera originated during the Early Oligocene to the Early Miocene, implying that they migrated across the Bering Land Bridge rather than the Atlantic Land Bridge. The temporal estimates also show that host shifting to Salix or Populus in Apatura occurred more than 15 million years after the divergence of their host plants. Our phylogenetic results are inconsistent with the previously accepted apaturine genus groups and indicate that their higher classification should be reconsidered.

A new species of the seepage midge genus Trichothaumalea Edwards from Japan (Diptera: Thaumaleidae)

The adult and pupa of Trichothaumalea japonica sp. n. are described from Japan. This widespread relict genus also includes three species from western [T. pluvialis (Dyar & Shannon), T. pilosa (Garrett)] and eastern (T. elakalensis Sinclair) North America. T. japonica + T. elakalensis are most closely related and together are the sister-group to the western Nearctic species group. Examples of Diptera with similar biogeographic patterns are listed. In addition, male genitalic homologies in this genus are re-examined.

The biology and immature stages of Thrybius togashii Kusigemati (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae), with a description of the male

Thrybius togashii Kusigemati is found to be an ectoparasitoid of larvae of a phytophagous eurytomid, Tetramesa sp. (Hymenoptera), growing gregariously in internodal cavities of reeds (Phragmites japonica Steud.), in Japan. The female of T. togashii oviposits into reed canes and its predaceous larva consumes almost all eurytomid larvae in an internodal cavity. This species is bivoltine. The mode of parasitism of this species is unique in some respects. First, when the female oviposits, no food resources are available in the reed. Second, the parasitoid allows part of the host larvae to grow and exploits increasing food resources. The egg, pupa and first to final instar larvae and adult male are described and figured for the first time. Colour dimorphism in both sexes and adult morphology adapted to habitat and ovipositional substrate are also discussed.

Japanese species of the genus Proutia Tutt, 1899 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

Two new species of the genus Proutia are described from Japan based on both sexes. Proutia maculatella sp. nov. is distinctive in having maculated forewing upperside. Proutia nigra, sp. nov. has unicolorous blackish brown forewing upperside and similar to the European species, P. betulina, but differs from the latter in the longer processes of the male valvae and shorter female antennae.

New species of the genus Diostracus from Eastern Asia (Insecta, Diptera, Dolichopodidae) *

Abrstract: The following 7 new species of the genus Diostracus of the family Dolichopodidae are described from Eastern Asia, and their phylogenetic relationships and zoogeography are discussed: D. latipennis of the tarsalis group and D. aristalis of the antennalis group from Japan, D. nishiyamai representing its own group from Sichuan, China, D. bisinuatus of the unisetosus group, D. janssonorum of the quadrisetosus group, D. burmanicus of the nebulosus group and D. malaisei of the unipunctatus group from Kambaiti, Burma.

Revision of the genus Thambemyia Oldroyd (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with description of a new subgenus

The genus Thambemyia Oldroyd is revised. Five species are recognized. Three new species –T. bisetosa, T. bruneiensis and T. hui– are described, and T. pagdeni Oldroyd, 1956 is redescribed. A new subgenus is founded for one new Japanese species, T. (Prothambemyia) japonica. A key to all known species of the genus is provided. Their distributions are also discussed.

Notes on Oriental and East Palaearctic Manota Williston (Diptera, Mycetophilidae), with the description of seven new species

The following new species of Manota are described: M. adunca (Taiwan), M. incilis (Nepal), M. integra (China), M. mitrata (China), M. nepalensis (Nepal), M. tayal (Taiwan) and M. vesca (Philippines). New records of the following species are given: M. acutangula Hippa (China, Taiwan), M. curvistylus Hippa, Kjærandsen and Saigusa (China), M. oblonga Hippa (China), M. perlobata Hippa (China) and M. planilobata Hippa (China). Characters of the Chinese material of M. curvistylus are discussed and drawings of the hypopygium of a Chinese specimen are given.

Revision of the Japanese species of Trichoclinocera Collin (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae)

The Japanese species of Trichoclinocera are revised and include nine species, of which seven are new species (T. dasy-scutellum (Saigusa), T. fuscipennis Saigusa, T. gracilis sp. nov., T. grandis sp. nov., T. miranda sp. nov., T. setigera sp. nov., T. shinogii sp. nov., T. stigmatica sp. nov., T. takagii sp. nov.). A key to all nine species is provided, their distributions mapped and affinities discussed.

Gondwanamyia, a new empidoid (Diptera) genus of uncertain placement

Abstract A new minute-size empidoid fly genus, Gondwanamyia gen. n. and two new species (Gondwanamyia chilensis Cumming & Saigusa, sp. n., Gondwanamyia zealandica Sinclair & Brooks, sp. n.) are described, illustrated, and their distributions mapped. The family and subfamily assignments remain uncertain, but features of the female terminalia potentially suggest Trichopezinae (Brachystomatidae).