Tzuhsuan Ma

All-Si valley-hall photonic topological insulator

We propose an all-Si photonic topological insulator (PTI) that emulates the quantum-valley-Hall (QVH) effect with backscattering-free edge states. Such QVH-PTI has exotic external coupling property to vacuum and can be utilized for designing random resonant time-delay cavities immune to reflections.

Scattering-free edge states between heterogeneous photonic topological insulators

We propose a set of three simple photonic platforms capable of emulating quantum topologically insulating phases corresponding to Hall, spin-Hall, and valley-Hall effects. It is shown that an interface between any two of these heterogeneous photonic topological insulators supports scattering-free surface states. Spin and valley degrees of freedom characterizing such topologically protected surface waves determine their unique pathways through complex photonic circuits comprised of multiple heterogeneous interfaces.

Single quantum dot controls a plasmonic cavity’s scattering and anisotropy

Significance We experimentally demonstrate that a single semiconductor quantum dot placed in close proximity to a plasmonic cavity (i.e., a spherical metallic nanoparticle) can be used to control the scattering spectrum and anisotropy of the latter. The scattering spectrum of the hybrid structure features a Fano resonance mediated by single photon absorption/scattering. This result is highly counterintuitive because the scattering cross sections of these two nanoparticles differ by four orders of magnitude. Our work represents a critical step toward realizing quantum plasmonic nanostructures that are capable of producing scattered light, which, depending on its polarization state, obeys either quantum or classical statistics. Furthermore, our work enables a hybrid orientation sensor unaffected by photobleaching of quantum dots. Plasmonic cavities represent a promising platform for controlling light–matter interaction due to their exceptionally small mode volume and high density of photonic states. Using plasmonic cavities for enhancing light’s coupling to individual two-level systems, such as single semiconductor quantum dots (QD), is particularly desirable for exploring cavity quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects and using them in quantum information applications. The lack of experimental progress in this area is in part due to the difficulty of precisely placing a QD within nanometers of the plasmonic cavity. Here, we study the simplest plasmonic cavity in the form of a spherical metallic nanoparticle (MNP). By controllably positioning a semiconductor QD in the close proximity of the MNP cavity via atomic force microscope (AFM) manipulation, the scattering spectrum of the MNP is dramatically modified due to Fano interference between the classical plasmonic resonance of the MNP and the quantized exciton resonance in the QD. Moreover, our experiment demonstrates that a single two-level system can render a spherical MNP strongly anisotropic. These findings represent an important step toward realizing quantum plasmonic devices.

Interplay Between Optical Bianisotropy and Magnetism in Plasmonic Metamolecules

The smallness of natural molecules and atoms with respect to the wavelength of light imposes severe limits on the nature of their optical response. For example, the well-known argument of Landau and Lifshitz and its recent extensions that include chiral molecules show that the electric dipole response dominates over the magneto-electric (bianisotropic) and an even smaller magnetic dipole optical response for all natural materials. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that both these responses can be greatly enhanced in plasmonic nanoclusters. Using atomic force microscopy nanomanipulation technique, we assemble a plasmonic metamolecule that is designed for strong and simultaneous optical magnetic and magneto-electric excitation. Angle-dependent scattering spectroscopy is used to disentangle the two responses and to demonstrate that their constructive/destructive interplay causes strong directional scattering asymmetry. This asymmetry is used to extract both magneto-electric and magnetic dipole responses and to demonstrate their enhancement in comparison to ordinary atomistic materials.

Exciting reflectionless unidirectional edge modes in a reciprocal photonic topological insulator medium

Photonic topological insulators are an interesting class of materials whose photonic band structure can have a band gap in the bulk while supporting topologically protected unidirectional edge modes. Recent studies on bianisotropic metamaterials that emulate the electronic quantum spin Hall effect using its electromagnetic analog are examples of such systems with a relatively simple and elegant design. In this paper, we present a rotating magnetic dipole antenna, composed of two perpendicularly oriented coils, that can efficiently excite the unidirectional topologically protected surface waves in the bianisotropic metawaveguide (BMW) structure recently realized by T. Ma et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 127401 (2015)] despite the fact that the BMW medium does not break time-reversal invariance. In addition to achieving a high directivity, the antenna can be tuned continuously to excite reflectionless edge modes in the two opposite directions at various amplitude ratios. We demonstrate its performance through experiments and compare the results to simulation results.

Guiding electromagnetic waves around sharp corners: topologically protected photonic transport in meta-waveguides (Presentation Recording)

Science thrives on analogies, and a considerable number of inventions and discoveries have been made by pursuing an unexpected connection to a very different field of inquiry. For example, photonic crystals have been referred to as “semiconductors of light” because of the far-reaching analogies between electron propagation in a crystal lattice and light propagation in a periodically modulated photonic environment. However, two aspects of electron behavior, its spin and helicity, escaped emulation by photonic systems until recent invention of photonic topological insulators (PTIs). The impetus for these developments in photonics came from the discovery of topologically nontrivial phases in condensed matter physics enabling edge states immune to scattering. The realization of topologically protected transport in photonics would circumvent a fundamental limitation imposed by the wave equation: inability of reflections-free light propagation along sharply bent pathway. Topologically protected electromagnetic states could be used for transporting photons without any scattering, potentially underpinning new revolutionary concepts in applied science and engineering. I will demonstrate that a PTI can be constructed by applying three types of perturbations: (a) finite bianisotropy, (b) gyromagnetic inclusion breaking the time-reversal (T) symmetry, and (c) asymmetric rods breaking the parity (P) symmetry. We will experimentally demonstrate (i) the existence of the full topological bandgap in a bianisotropic, and (ii) the reflectionless nature of wave propagation along the interface between two PTIs with opposite signs of the bianisotropy.