U. C. Chaube

Artificial neural networks for daily rainfall—runoff modelling

Abstract The application of artificial neural network (ANN) methodology for modelling daily flows during monsoon flood events for a large size catchment of the Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh (India) is presented. The spatial variation of rainfall is accounted for by subdividing the catchment and treating the average rainfall of each subcatchment as a parallel and separate lumped input to the model. A linear multiple-input single-output (MISO) model coupled with the ANN is shown to provide a better representation of the rainfall-runoff relationship in such large size catchments compared with linear and nonlinear MISO models. The present model provides a systematic approach for runoff estimation and represents improvement in prediction accuracy over the other models studied herein.

Long-term historic changes in climatic variables of Betwa Basin, India

In this study, trend analyses of historic past climatic variables were investigated for the Betwa basin located in Central India. In the serially independent climatic variables, Mann–Kendall test (MK test) was applied to the original sample data. However, in the serially correlated series, pre-whitening is used before employing the MK test. The long-term trend analysis showed several of the meteorological stations to exhibit a decreasing trend in annual and seasonal precipitation in the study area. Seasonal and yearly numbers of rainy days are decreased. However, onset of effective monsoon (except for Shivpuri and Tikamgarh stations) did not show any trend during the study period. For maximum temperature, five out of 12 stations showed a decreasing trend in monsoon season whereas almost all other stations showed an increasing trend in winter and no trend in summer season. For minimum temperature, only two stations of the basin showed a decreasing trend in monsoon and all other stations exhibited a significant increase in winter and summer season. The increase of winter temperature may adversely affect the growth of Rabi crop (wheat and mustard) in the study area. Potential evopotranspiration (PET) did not show any trend in monsoon, except for Jalaun and Jhansi stations, showing decreasing trends. Raisen and Vidisha stations showed an increasing trend in winter only, and the trend for other stations were random in nature. In summer, five out of 12 stations showed an increasing trend in PET. Results of this study can be employed in preparation of water resources development and management plan in the Betwa Basin.

Analysis of a large inter-basin water transfer system in India / Analyse d’un grand système de transfert d’eau inter-bassins en Inde

Inter-basin transfer of water in India is a long-term option to correct the spatial and temporal mismatch of water availability and demand, largely owing to the monsoon climate. This paper is concerned with analysis and preliminary design of a large inter-basin water transfer system in peninsular India. The system covers four major basins and involves operation of 13 major structures. The study was carried out in three stages. First, the surface water deficit in each basin was estimated. Then the net deficit was worked out by considering the availability of groundwater. Finally, the link systems were planned to transfer the amount of water needed to meet the demands with desired reliability.Abstract Abstract Inter-basin transfer of water in India is a long-term option to correct the spatial and temporal mismatch of water availability and demand, largely owing to the monsoon climate. This paper is concerned with analysis and preliminary design of a large inter-basin water transfer system in peninsular India. The system covers four major basins and involves operation of 13 major structures. The study was carried out in three stages. First, the surface water deficit in each basin was estimated. Then the net deficit was worked out by considering the availability of groundwater. Finally, the link systems were planned to transfer the amount of water needed to meet the demands with desired reliability.

Relationship between Runoff Curve Number and PET

This paper presents a relationship between the runoff curve number (CN) and mean potential evapotranspiration (PET) using long- term daily rainfall-runoff data. To this end, CNs were derived for different durations from rainfall-runoff data of eight different agro-climatic river basins in India, and these were correlated with PET derived for respective watersheds using the standard Penman-Monteith method. The resulting high coefficient of determination (R 2 ) values, viz, 0.99 for Hemawati and Mohegoan; 0.98 for Haridanagar, Kalu, and Seonath; 0.96 for Manot, Ghodahadho, and Ramganga strongly support the versatility of the derived relationship. This relationship also invokes deter- mination of PET from the available published CN values, and therefore may be quite useful in field applications. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE .1943-5584.0000780.

Hydrological simulation of the Betwa River basin (India) using the SWAT model

ABSTRACT A seasonal water budget analysis was carried out to quantify various components of the hydrological cycle using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Betwa River basin (43 500 km2) in central India. The model results were satisfactory in calibration and validation. The seasonal water budget analysis showed that about 90% of annual rainfall and 97% of annual runoff occurred in the monsoon season. A seasonal linear trend analysis was carried out to detect trends in the water balance components of the basin for the period 1973–2001. In the monsoon season, an increasing trend in rainfall and a decreasing trend in ET were observed; this resulted in an increasing trend in groundwater storage and surface runoff. The winter season followed almost the same pattern. A decreasing trend was observed in summer season rainfall. The study evokes the need for conservation structures in the study area to reduce monsoon runoff and conserve it for basin requirements in water-scarce seasons. EDITOR Z.W. Kundzewicz ASSOCIATE EDITOR F. Hattermann

Water conflict resolution in the Ganga‐Brahmaputra basin

The Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins, covering an area of 165 million ha in China, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh, have a number of physical and conceptual interlinkages. A simplified two‐level decomposition‐coordination study of the Indo‐Nepal region of the Ganga basin is used for the analysis of interstate water disputes within India and the conflict over sharing of water between India and Bangladesh.

Assessment of reservoir sedimentation using remote sensing and recommendations for desilting Patratu Reservoir, India

ABSTRACT This study describes the assessment of reservoir sedimentation of the Patratu Reservoir using Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS). The sedimentation assessment was carried out using satellite data and reservoir water level data from 2006 to 2012. Water spread area was analysed from satellite data. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) has been used to delineate open water features and to enhance the presence of water surface in satellite imagery of the Patratu Reservoir. Water spread area of the reservoir at a particular elevation on the date of the passing of the satellite was used to develop an elevation-area curve. For the present case, fluctuation of water level was found to vary from 387.096 to 406.152 m. The linear interpolation/extrapolation technique has been employed to assess the water spread area of Patratu Reservoir at different elevations. Further, these areas were used to compute the live storage capacity of the reservoir between two elevations by the Prismoidal formula. From the study, it was found that due to sedimentation, the live storage capacity of Patratu Reservoir has reduced from 101.95 to 89.96 hm3, thus showing capacity loss of 11.76% in a span of 44 years. To increase the live storage capacity of the reservoir it is proposed to adopt manual and mechanical digging combined with flushing for desilting of the deposited sediment. EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis ASSOCIATE EDITOR S. Kanae

Revisiting the useful life computation of Gobindsagar (Bhakra) reservoir

Preserving the existing reservoirs and increasing its useful life is essential for sustainable development. In this context, accurate estimation of sedimentation rate is essential for the realistic determination of useful life of the reservoir. This paper deals with the different approaches used for the computation of sedimentation rate and useful life of Gobindsagar (Bhakra) reservoir, constructed on the river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh, India. Time-series analysis of the sedimentation rate from a long-term data for the period 1958–2003 obtained from hydrographic survey shows an increasing trend in annual sedimentation. The useful life of Gobindsagar reservoir is also computed after taking into consideration this increasing trend. This investigation also compares the useful life (100% depletion of dead storage) estimated, as per the Project Authority with the useful life computed based on the different approaches analysed in this study. These two estimations are found to be inconsistent. This work revisits the design procedure to resolve this inconsistency and computes the useful life using Brune’s step method. It is found that the result obtained from Brune’s method is in tune with the useful life calculation based on the actual sedimentation surveys.

Long-term Changes of Irrigation Water Requirement in the Context of Climatic Variability

The knowledge of exact amount of water required by different crops in a given set of climatological condition of a region is vital in planning and effective management of irrigation scheme, irrigation scheduling and so on. This paper proposes the effect of different climatological variables on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and water uses in agriculture in the Seonath basin located in Chhattisgarh State. The study area has 24 meteorological stations. Results of analysis of annual temperature time series showed a rise of 0.9702 °C over a period of 51 years (1960–2010). The increasing trends in ETo were more pronounced. Annual analysis of the ETo series indicated an increasing trend in almost all the districts except Bilaspur district. The percentage change in annual ETo was maximum for Raipur (1.72%) and minimum for Bilaspur (–1.41%). The analysis of the impacts of meteorological variables on the trends of ETo revealed that the main driving force associated with the increasing trend of ETo in the Seonath river basin was temperature and relative humidity. Overall, the results of this study showed an increase in irrigation water requirement, because of projected increase/change in meteorological variables (viz., rainfall, Tmax and Tmin, relative humidity and wind speed). Therefore, changing irrigation demand appraisals presented in this paper would be useful for future irrigation management systems for the Seonath river basin.

Rehabilitating oustees in the Narmada basin, India

The plan for 3155 water projects is absolutely necessary for the socioeconomic development of the neglected Narmada basin. However, neither the 45‐year development target nor its cost (Rs 200 billion) is realistic. The environmental cost associated with the rehabilitation of 1.31 million oustees within the valley should be fully internalized in the development plan. In this article, submergence effects are estimated by extrapolation, and a socioeconomic and cultural profile of the oustees is presented. The feasibility of four possible resettlement alternatives is examined, keeping in view the objectives of rehabilitation and the performance of completed and ongoing projects. Guidelines are suggested for the preparation of a rehabilitation plan.