Ulrich Magnus

The impact of social security law on tort law

Introduction/Questionnaire/List of Contributors Country Reports Austria/Belgium/England and Wales/France/Germany/Greece/Italy/The Netherlands/Spain/Sweden/Switzerland Social Security versus Tort Law as Instruments to compensate Personal Injuries: A Dutch Law and Economics Perspective Introduction Principles Liability and Insurance Versus Social Security: Different Approaches The Relationship Between Tort and Social Security: A Changing Landscape Further Reforms: Alternatives for Liability (Insurance)? Relationship Between Tort and Social Security: Right of Recourse Concluding Remarks Impact of Social Security Law on Tort Law Concerning Compensation of Personal Injuries - Comparative Report Survey of the Contents and Method of the Comparative Report Historical Background General Questions Distinction Between Tort Law and Social Security Law Relationship Between Tort Law and Social Security Law Reform Considerations Comparison of the Solutions Given to the Hypothetical Cases Final Conclusions Index ECTIL Publications

Pollution of the sea - prevention and compensation

Welcome Address and Introduction.- Welcome Address and Introduction.- Ecological Aspects of Marine Pollution.- Survey: Sources, Paths and Effects of Marine Pollution.- Modelling the Fate of Persistent Toxic Substances in the North Sea: ?-HCH and PCB 153 Multiyear Simulations.- Rebuilding the Eastern Baltic Cod Stock in a System of Change - An MPA Approach.- Prevention of Marine Pollution - Institutional Foundations.- Prevention of Marine Pollution: The Contribution of IMO.- The Contribution of the European Union to Marine Pollution Prevention.- HELCOMs Contribution to the Prevention of Marine Pollution.- Transport of Hazardous and Noxious Goods by Sea - The IMDG Code.- Compensation for Marine Pollution.- Origins and Compensation of Marine Pollution - A Survey.- Maritime Pollution - Compensation or Enforcement?.- The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds and the International Regime of Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage.- Compensation by the Coastal States - The Prestige Disaster.- International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001 - Liability and Insurance Aspects.

Interpretation and gap‐filling in the CISG and in the CESL

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to compare the methods of interpretation and gap filling in the United Nations Sales Convention (CISG) and in the Draft Common European Sales Law (CESL). In particular, it aims to examine whether the established interpretation and gap filling method of the CISG can and should be used for the CESL.Design/methodology/approach – The article looks at the method by which international case law and doctrine interpret the CISG and fill its gaps. The article compares this method with the method that is provided for in the CESL instrument but has to be implemented.Findings – It is suggested that despite its nature as European community law, CESL should be interpreted in a broad international way since it does not only cover internal EU sales, but also transactions involving parties from outside the EU. For this reason its interpretation and gap filling should follow the method of the CISG so as to interpret similar provisions in a similar way in order to harmonize law withi...

Limitations of Liability under EC Tort Law

Only blood feuds in ancient times were, without limits, inherited from generation to generation. Today, nowhere is civil liability in tort entirely unrestricted. Every legal system knows of certain limitations at least in time, sometimes in the amount of damages or elsewhere. The following text deals with these limitations from the viewpoint of EC law though only in tort. But it must be stated at the onset that EC tort law as compared to EC (mainly consumer) contract law is still underdeveloped. At present, there are only a few legislative enactments which comprehensively deal with tortious liability and they are still far from codifying whole branches of tort law. And although the number of decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) dealing with aspects relevant to tort law is already quite remarkable, its contribution to the development of a full-fledged European tort law is also still limited.

Tort and Regulatory Law in Germany

As an introduction, a brief overview of § 823 Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (German Civil Code, BGB) as the basic provision of fault-based liability in tort should be given. According to § 823 subs. 1 BGB, a person, “who, wilfully or negligently, unlawfully injures the life, body, health, freedom, property or other right of another is bound to compensate him for any damage arising therefrom”.1 Three elements must be present: the injury of one of the rights enumerated in § 823 subs. 1 BGB (objective element of the statutory definition of a tortious act; objektiver Tatbestand), wrongfulness (Rechtswidrigkeit) und fault (subjective element; Verschulden). With regard to actions which are only indirectly linked to the infringement they have caused, in particular by a failure to act, this statutory definition is specified by duties of care to maintain safety and to protect third parties from damage (so-called Verkehrs Sicherungspflicht or simply Verkehrspflicht2) which German courts started to develop soon after the BGB came into force.3 Generally speaking, a duty of care within the meaning of § 823 subs. 1 BGB obliges someone who creates a source of danger or at least allows such danger to continue within his sphere of influence to take all reasonable measures to protect other individuals against the risks emanating from that source of danger.4 The courts determine what is exactly required on the basis of a variety of factors, in particular the reasonable expectations of the public.5

CISG und INCOTERMS, Leistungsverzug und Fixgeschäft

Ist ein internationaler Kauf, f r den das CISG gilt und in dessen Rahmen die Parteien eine CIF-Lieferung vereinbart haben, ein Fixgesch ft? Kann also der K ufer, wenn der Verk ufer die Lieferung nicht p nktlich zum vereinbarten Termin f r die Verschiffung zur Verf gung stellt, sofort und ohne weiteres vom Vertrag zur cktreten, in der Terminologie des CISG: die Vertragsaufhebung erkl ren? Eine Hamburger Entscheidung scheint das auszusprechen; jedenfalls wird sie in j ngeren Kommentierungen f r diese Meinung in Anspruch genommen. Indessen ist durchaus zweifelhaft und kl rungsbed rftig, ob die CIF-Klausel f r sich einen CISG-Kauf bereits zu einem Fixgesch ft macht. Dieser Frage soll im Folgenden nachgegangen werden. Sie ist allerdings eingebettet in die allgemeinere Problematik, wie das CISG den Leistungsverzug behandelt und in welchem Verh ltnis CISG und INCOTERMS stehen. Deshalb soll zun chst etwas genereller auf die Bedeutung des Zeitverzugs bei CISG-K ufen (dazu unter II.) und die Frage nach dem Zusammenspiel von CISG und INCOTERMS (dazu unter III.) eingegangen werden.