Jürgen Basedow

Pollution of the sea - prevention and compensation

Welcome Address and Introduction.- Welcome Address and Introduction.- Ecological Aspects of Marine Pollution.- Survey: Sources, Paths and Effects of Marine Pollution.- Modelling the Fate of Persistent Toxic Substances in the North Sea: ?-HCH and PCB 153 Multiyear Simulations.- Rebuilding the Eastern Baltic Cod Stock in a System of Change - An MPA Approach.- Prevention of Marine Pollution - Institutional Foundations.- Prevention of Marine Pollution: The Contribution of IMO.- The Contribution of the European Union to Marine Pollution Prevention.- HELCOMs Contribution to the Prevention of Marine Pollution.- Transport of Hazardous and Noxious Goods by Sea - The IMDG Code.- Compensation for Marine Pollution.- Origins and Compensation of Marine Pollution - A Survey.- Maritime Pollution - Compensation or Enforcement?.- The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds and the International Regime of Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage.- Compensation by the Coastal States - The Prestige Disaster.- International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001 - Liability and Insurance Aspects.

Policy Options for Progress Towards a European Contract Law. Comments on the issues raised in the Green Paper from the Commission of 1 July 2010, COM(2010) 348 final

In its position paper on the Commission’s Green Paper on policy options for a European contract law (COM (2010) 348 final, 1 July 2010), the Max Planck Working Group welcomes initiatives to overcome the fragmentary and inconsistent state of contract law in Europe. However, the Working Group criticizes that the Commission did not sufficiently consider the issue of the legislative competence of the EU. At present, an optional instrument (opt-in) drafted as a Regulation (option 4) and based on Art. 352 TFEU seems to be the preferable option. Such an instrument raises a number of questions regarding its choice and its area of application which have been addressed by the Working Group. An optional instrument should be granted a broad scope of application, including both B2B and B2C contracts, domestic contracts, intra-Union cross-border contracts as well as contracts with parties resident in third states. Its scope should neither be limited to cross-border contracts nor to contracts concluded online. However, the recommendation of the Institute is subject to an evaluation of the substantive quality of the instrument which is not yet available. In this regard, an important preparatory work for any future European contract law, i.e. the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), has already been criticized by some members of the Working Group. Also, any legislative initiative should be preceded by a proper review of the existing acquis and should be coordinated with the current work on a Consumer Rights Directive.This article is published in this Research Paper Series with the permission of the rights owner, Mohr Siebeck. Full-text Rabel Journal articles are available via pay-per-view or subscription at IngentaConnect, a provider of digital journals on the Internet.

Who will protect competition in Europe? From central enforcement to authority networks and private litigation

When the European Commission published its “White Paper on modernisation of the rules implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty” in spring 1999 it triggered a broad discussion on the future legal framework of the enforcement of competition law in the European Union. The most important change, which the Commission suggested, consists in the decentralisation of the application of Article 81 section 3 EC. While anti-competitive agreements and concerted practices, which are prohibited by Article 81 section 1 can only be exempted, for the time being, by a Commission decision taken under Article 81 section 3 and Regulation 17/62 the Commission wants to give up that monopoly. According to the White Paper both national competition authorities and national courts of law will be in a position to directly apply Article 81 section 3. Among the first reactions to that proposal was that of Ernst Joachim Mestmacker to whom this paper is dedicated in longstanding respect and gratitude to celebrate his 75th Anniversary. He published an extensive, severe and outspoken critique as early as September 1999. His analysis has had a strong impact on academic discussions and public opinion in Germany, although it has not persuaded the European Commission which drafted a proposal for a regulation along the lines of the White Paper in late 2000. Again, Ernst - Joachim Mestmacker has reacted by a striking and even more elaborate critique which resumes and extends the discussion.

Hundert Jahre Rechtsvergleichung. Von wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisquelle zur obligatorischen Methode der Rechtsanwendung

Deutsche Zusammenfassung: Als das romische Recht vor einem Jahrhundert in die Rechtsgeschichte relegiert wurde, wuchs in der Wissenschaft in ganz Europa das Bedurfnis fur einen neuen Referenzrahmen; ihn versprach man sich vom Vergleich der nationalen Rechte. Im Hintergrund stand hier zunachst das wissenschaftliche Bedurfnis nach der Ausdehnung des geistigen Horizonts und der Erweiterung des Reservoirs an praktischen Losungen. Doch lasst sich eine allmahliche Transformation der Rechtsvergleichung in eine obligatorische Rechtsanwendungsmethode beobachten. Der Aufsatz zeichnet diese Entwicklung fur das allgemeine Volkerrecht, die Menschenrechte, die Konventionen des Einheitsrechts, verschiedene Aspekte des Europarechts und das Internationale Privatrecht nach.English Abstract: As Roman law was relegated to the field of legal history a century ago, academia across Europe detected a growing need for a new frame of reference; the comparative analysis of national laws was seen as being capable of filling this void. Initially, the development was driven by the need to expand intellectual horizons and to deepen the reservoir of practical solutions. But one could observe comparative analysis gradually transforming into an obligatory method in the application and interpretation of law. The present article traces this development in respect of general public international law, human rights law, and uniform law conventions as well as for various aspects of European law and private international law.

The Europeanisation of Contract Law and Its Significance for Asia

Abstract After 30 years of academic preparation, the European Commission has launched a political initiative for a uniform European contract law. This article explores the historical background and questions the national character of contract law. It further provides a survey of the fragmentary legislation of the European Union throughout the last 40 years. The piecemeal nature of that body of law calls for more general principles which may result from the present initiative. Finally, the article outlines the significance that a uniform EU contract law may have for legal relations between Europe and Asia.

The Multiple Facets of Law Enforcement

Ordering society and economy by means of legal rules is a widespread objective in modern times. The effectiveness of such rules therefore is a common concern in many countries. This paper sheds light upon the relation between substantive laws and enforcement and on the characteristic features of various enforcement tools. One of the trends of modern legal development is the quasi-experimental use of varying enforcement measures of administrative law, private law and criminal law, highlighted by the examples of competition law and consumer law. A second trend outlined in the paper is the one towards alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in its various forms: arbitration, ombudsman complaint procedures, mediation and conciliation. A further part deals with societal, non-legal enforcement mechanisms which are gaining ground especially in cross-border relations increasingly governed by soft law.

Rechtsdurchsetzung und Streitbeilegung – Die Vielfalt von Durchsetzungsformen im Lichte von Zielkonflikten

Deutsche Zusammenfassung: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft durch Recht zu gestalten, ist ein verbreitetes Anliegen. Von da aus ist es nur ein kleiner Schritt zu der Frage, welche Mechanismen der Rechtsdurchsetzung am wirkungsvollsten sind. Sie stand in den letzten Jahren im Mittelpunkt vieler rechtspolitischer Debatten und auch der 36. Tagung fur Rechtsvergleichung in Basel im September 2017. Der nachfolgende Aufsatz beleuchtet verschiedene Instrumente und Ziele in einer komplexen Thematik. English Abstract: Shaping society and the economy through the law is a matter of broadly shared concern. From this observation, it is only a small step to the question of which mechanisms of legal enforcement are most effective. This question has been the focus of many legal policy debates in recent years, and also took centre stage at the 36th Tagung fur Rechtsvergleichung (Conference on Comparative Law) in Basel in September 2017. The following paper highlights a variety of instruments and goals within this complex topic.

Das Zeitelement in der richterlichen Rechtsfortbildung – Einleitung zum Symposium

Deutsche Zusammenfassung: Im Zusammenhang mit allen Rechtsanderungen muss bestimmt werden, welche tatsachlichen Situationen und Rechtsstreitigkeiten noch der alten Rechtslage unterfallen und welche vom neuen Recht erfasst werden. Die Gesetzgebung behandelt diese Frage haufig in teils sehr ausfuhrlichen Ubergangsbestimmungen zu neuen Gesetzen. Ergibt sich die Rechtsanderung aus einer Neuorientierung der gerichtlichen Praxis, mussen die Gerichte eine Antwort geben. Nationale Traditionen und der prozessrechtlicher Rahmen konnen Einfluss auf die jeweiligen Antworten haben. Der allgemeine Fragenkomplex unterteilt sich in mehrere Unterfragen: Wird ein Gericht die Wirkung seines neuen Richterrechts auf kunftige Falle beschranken und den anhangigen Fall von seinem Urteil ausnehmen? Hat die Neuorientierung des Gerichts einen ruckwirkenden Effekt fur analoge Falle? In welchem Ausmas werden die Gerichte die Anderung der Rechtsprechung durch Bezugnahme auf Gesetze, die schon verabschiedet, aber noch nicht in Kraft getreten sind, erklaren? Dieser und die folgenden Aufsatze, die diesen Fragen nachgehen, wurden bei einer rechtsvergleichenden Tagung am Institut am 14. Juni 2014 prasentiert und diskutiert.English Abstract: Wherever the law changes it must be determined which fact situations and disputes are still governed by the old law and which are covered by the new. Legislation often deals with this question in transitional provisions of a new statute which may be very detailed. Where the change in the law is due to new orientations of judicial practice, the answer must be given by the courts. National traditions and the procedural framework may have an impact on the respective answers. The overall question splits into several sub-questions: Will a court confine the effect of its new case law to future cases, excepting the pending case from its judgment? Has the new orientation of the court a retroactive effect on analogous cases? To what extent will courts explain the change in jurisprudence by reference to statutes which have been adopted but not yet taken effect? This and the following papers dealing with these questions were presented and discussed at a comparative law conference held at the Institute on 14 June 2014.

Breeding lawyers for the global village: The internationalisation of law and legal education

When the legendary First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay, Australia in 1788, its voyage from England had lasted approximately eight months. Today the same distance is covered by air travel in less than 24 hours. This comparison points to the tremendous acceleration in travelling, made possible by technological progress over the last 200 years. Innovations such as steam engines, aircraft, steel vessels, telegraphy, railroads and the internet have not only increased the speed of the transport of passengers, cargo and data, they have also allowed for a formidable extension of transport capacities. The consequences are usually encapsulated in the term ‘globalisation’, which has led to what has been described as an ‘eradication of distance’1 or the ‘shrinking’ of the world.2 Economists and social scientists have described the resulting changes; the extension of markets, the anational, binational or plurinational identity of persons and groups and the growing internationalisation of political decisionmaking. All this has a stark impact on law-making and the application of laws to issues and disputes which are increasingly framed by expectations arising from various economic, social and cultural backgrounds. It is up to education in general and legal education in particular to respond to these changes. The following chapter outlines the evidence for the internationalisation of the legal systems, before discussing the objectives to be pursued by legal education in response to globalisation. Lastly, whilst formulas conceived in other countries have to be applied with

Supranational Codification in Europe and Its Significance for Third States

Throughout the last 200 years, private law has been connected to national sovereignty, and there were times when legal scholars were eager to point out the particular national brand of their respective system of private law and its content as a kind of national heritage (Cf. Legrand, Pierre. 1999. Fragments on Law-as-Culture, 77 and 104. Deventer: Tjeenk Willink; idem. 1998. Counterpoint: Law is also Culture. In The Unification of International Commercial Law, ed. Franco Ferrari, 245 and 250 et sEq. Baden-Baden: Nomos; Samuel, Geoffrey. 2000. English Private Law in the Context of the Codes. In The Harmonisation of European Private Law, eds. Marc van Hoecke and Francois Ost, 47 et sEq. Oxford/Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing.). If that link can be considered as a correct assessment at all, it is limited to a fairly recent period of legal history. Roman law, as enshrined in the corpus iuris civilis was authored by jurists from various parts of the Empire. In the Middle Ages the ius commune was regarded, in many parts of Europe, as a subsidiary source of law supplementing the local statutes and customs, or at least as a common reference which provided guidance for the framing of legal concepts and classifications and has served as a platform of understanding for legal scholars across the continent (Neve, Paul. 1997. (Europaisches) ius commune und (nationales) gemeines Recht: Verwechslung von Begriffen?. In Festschrift fur Karl Kroeschell zum 70. Geburtstag, eds. Gerhard Kobler and Hermann Nehlsen, 871 et sEq. Munchen: Beck.).