Umberto Almeida Camargo

Progressos na viticultura brasileira

A viticultura brasileira nasceu com a chegada dos colonizadores portugueses, tornando-se uma atividade comercial a partir do inicio do seculo XX. Houve absoluto predominio do cultivo de uvas americanas ate meados do seculo XX, quando se iniciou o plantio de videiras europeias. Ate a decada de 1960, a viticultura brasileira ficou limitada as regioes Sul e Sudeste. A partir dai, a uva alastrou-se como alternativa economica em diversas regioes tropicais do Pais e ganhou nova dimensao nas zonas temperadas de cultivo. Atualmente, a area viticola brasileira situa-se ao redor de 83.700 ha, com uma producao anual oscilando entre 1.300.000 e 1.400.000 toneladas. Destacam-se, pelo volume de producao, os Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Pernambuco, Parana, Bahia, Santa Catarina e Minas Gerais. A grande maioria das uvas e seus derivados sao consumidos no mercado interno. O suco de uva concentrado e a uva de mesa sao os principais produtos de exportacao. A diversidade e a marca da viticultura brasileira: sao diferentes condicoes ambientais, variados sistemas de cultivo e recursos geneticos com ampla variabilidade. Neste trabalho, e tracado o perfil da viticultura brasileira e sao apresentados os principais avancos tecnologicos obtidos nas ultimas decadas. Entre outros topicos, destacam-se a criacao de novas cultivares, o desenvolvimento de tecnicas e sistemas de manejo da videira - especialmente para as zonas tropicais e o desenvolvimento de sistemas de certificacao de produtos vitivinicolas.

Processamento mínimo de uvas de mesa sem semente

ABSTRACT - This work evaluated the qualitative aspects of apirenic table grapes (seedless), cv. BRS Morena and Selection 8, when minimallyprocessed and cold stored. Fruits were immersed in a solution of sodium hypochlorite (300 mg Cl.L -1 ) for 5 min. and stored at 12oC for 12 hours. Trainedpersonnel using adequate protection and disinfected equipment, removed the berries and rinsed them with chlorinated water (20 m g.L -1 ). Berries werepackaged in transparent polyethylene terephthalate containers and stored at 2.5 ± 1oC, and 88% RH for 36 days. The loss of fres h mass, developmentof appearance and color, and contents of total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidy (TA) were done. Products of ‘BRS Moren a’ and Selection 8showed low percentage of accumulated loss of fresh mass (0.16 %). The berries of cultivar BRS Morena were darker ( L = 25.04) and purpler colored ( h o = 332.88) than the Selection 8 ( L = 29.86 and h o = 345.11), bringing a product with better visual quality. Juice of ´BRS Morena` had high content of TSS(22.17 °Brix) and low of TA (0.56 %), that resulted in a ratio (39.76) better and bigger than the Selection 8 (18.81). Products from cv. BRS Morenapresented good appearance and commercial quality for 33 days at 2.5

Micropropagação de porta-enxertos híbridos de Vitis labrusca x Vitis rotundifolia com resistência à pérola-da-terra (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Hempel, Hemiptera: Margarodidae)

The homogeneous production of rootstock resistant to perola-da-terra (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Hempel, Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and well adapted to the growth conditions of the main grape growing region of Southern Brazil by the use of the micropropagation technique, may come to solve the demand of the grape productive sector and avoid losses caused by this pest. The objective of this work was to develop a protocol of micro propagation for the hybrids 1 and 2, which have the desired genetic qualities and vigor to be used as rootstock resistant to perola-da-terra. From axillaries buds cultivated in Galzy culture medium with 3µM of BAP, it was possible to induce multiple shooting with a reasonable number of shoots, which may be improved by successive subcultures in the same medium. The shoots were transferred to Galzy culture medium with 8µM.10-3 of NAA and all of them rooted, overcoming the rooting step that has been pointed out as the main barrier for micro propagation of the species Viits rotundifolia and its hybrids.

Efeito de reguladores de crescimento em uva apirênica, cv. BRS Clara

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (AG3), thidiazuron (TDZ) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on the size of bunches and berries and on the total soluble solids content, when applied in different concentrations on the seedless grapes, cv. BRS Clara. The grapevines were grafted on the rootstock IAC 572, trained in the pergola system and, spaced 2.5 x 2.0m and irrigated by micro sprinklers. The experiments were carried out at the Embrapa Grape and Wine Experimental Station for Tropical Viticulture in Jales, SP. The bunches were directly sprayed with the plant growth regulators, either individually or combined, in concentrations from 0 to 4mg.L-1 of CPPU; 0 to 10mg.L-1of TDZ and 0 to 90mg.L-1 of AG3. Generally, the application of growth regulators improved the quality of the bunches of the cv. BRS Clara; the use of TDZ and CPPU, combined with AG3, produce a synergistic effect, causing a better response than the isolated use of AG3; the treatments with 60mg.L-1 of AG3, 20mg.L-1 of AG3 + 4mg.L-1 of CPPU and 10mg.L-1 of AG3 + 5mg.L-1 of TDZ provide the best results for increase in the berries diameter; the application of AG3 before flowering cause excessive abortion which reduced the commercial value of the bunches. High concentrations of plant growth regulators decrease the content of total soluble solids.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (AG3), thidiazuron (TDZ) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on the size of bunches and berries and on the total soluble solids content, when applied in different concentrations on the seedless grapes, cv. BRS Clara. The grapevines were grafted on the rootstock IAC 572, trained in the pergola system and, spaced 2.5 x 2.0m and irrigated by micro sprinklers. The experiments were carried out at the Embrapa Grape and Wine Experimental Station for Tropical Viticulture in Jales, SP. The bunches were directly sprayed with the plant growth regulators, either individually or combined, in concentrations from 0 to 4mg.L-1 of CPPU; 0 to 10mg.L-1of TDZ and 0 to 90mg.L-1 of AG3. Generally, the application of growth regulators improved the quality of the bunches of the cv. BRS Clara; the use of TDZ and CPPU, combined with AG3, produce a synergistic effect, causing a better response than the isolated use of AG3; the treatments with 60mg.L-1 of AG3, 20mg.L -1 of AG3 + 4mg.L -1 of CPPU and 10mg.L-1 of AG3 + 5mg.L -1 of TDZ provide the best results for increase in the berries diameter; the application of AG3 before flowering cause excessive abortion which reduced the commercial value of the bunches. High concentrations of plant growth regulators decrease the content of total soluble solids.

Uso prático de marcadores moleculares para seleção assistida no melhoramento de uvas de mesa apirênicas

The inheritance of seedlessness in grapevine is based on a complex genetic system, where the expression of three independently inherited recessive genes is controlled by a dominant regulator gene (sdI). In a previous study, Lahogue et al. (1998) identified a random amplified polymorphic DNA marker, tightly linked to the sdI gene and developed a codominant SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) marker named SCC8, that allows the distinction of seeded and seedless plants in a segregating progeny. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the usefullness of the SCAR marker SCC8 for assisted selection of the seedlessness character in grape breeding. According to our results, the use of the SCC8 marker is economically viable and the consequences of its use in the grapevine breeding program at Embrapa Uva e Vinho are discussed.

ESTÁDIOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EMBRIÕES NA OBTENÇÃO DE PLANTAS EM CRUZAMENTOS ENTRE GENITORES APIRENOS DE VIDEIRA

It was investigated the effect of the growth stage of rescued embryos on plant obtention from crosses between seedless grape parents. Two methods for in vitro culture were compared. Method 1 (M1): seed traces were cultured 60 days in ER culture medium. Method 2 (M2): procedure of M1 followed by additional 30 days in MS culture medium. The stage of embryo growth was established at the end of this period, when the embryos were rescued and transfered to WP culture medium. Four classes of embryo stages were indentified: globular, heart, torpedo and undefined. The globular stage, the most frequently found, produced the largest quantity of recovered plants, though it had the lowest capacity of originating plants. The torpedo stage was the most efficient in producing plants. M2 promoted the largest amount of germinated embryos and recovered plants. As the embryo growth stage affects the plant obtention, the rescue of embryos in an advanced growth stage promotes a higher capacity of producing plants. Therefore the use of techniques that favour the rescuing of embryos in an advanced growth stage can increase the obtention of plants.

Expression of disease resistance in genetically modified grapevines correlates with the contents of viral sequences in the T-DNA and global genome methylation

Increased tolerance to pathogens is an important goal in conventional and biotechnology-assisted grapevine breeding programs worldwide. Fungal and viral pathogens cause direct losses in berry production, but also affect the quality of the final products. Precision breeding strategies allow the introduction of resistance characters in elite cultivars, although the factors determining the plant’s overall performance are not fully characterized. Grapevine plants expressing defense proteins, from fungal or plant origins, or of the coat protein gene of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of somatic embryos and shoot apical meristems. The responses of the transformed lines to pathogen challenges were investigated by biochemical, phytopathological and molecular methods. The expression of a Metarhizium anisopliae chitinase gene delayed pathogenesis and disease progression against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Modified lines expressing a Solanum nigrum osmotin-like protein also exhibited slower disease progression, but to a smaller extent. Grapevine lines carrying two hairpin-inducing constructs had lower GLRaV-3 titers when challenged by grafting, although disease symptoms and viral multiplication were detected. The levels of global genome methylation were determined for the genetically engineered lines, and correlation analyses demonstrated the association between higher levels of methylated DNA and larger portions of virus-derived sequences. Resistance expression was also negatively correlated with the contents of introduced viral sequences and genome methylation, indicating that the effectiveness of resistance strategies employing sequences of viral origin is subject to epigenetic regulation in grapevine.