Ursula Oberst

Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence

This study deals with maladaptive use of the Internet and the mobile phone and its relationship to symptoms of psychological distress and mental disorder, as well as to the possible role of Perceived Emotional Intelligence in this relationship. Three hundred and sixty-five undergraduate university freshmen at Ramon Llull University, Barcelona (Spain), majoring in four different studies (Psychology, Education, Journalism and Broadcasting, and Health Studies) replied to scales assessing the negative consequences of maladaptive use of both the Internet (CERI) and the mobile phone (CERM), a self-report scale on Perceived Emotional Intelligence (TMMS-24), and a clinical instrument to check for complaints related to the presence of psychological distress (Symptom Checklist-90-R; SCL-90-R). Results indicate that psychological distress is related to maladaptive use of both the Internet and the mobile phone; females scored higher than males on the mobile phone questionnaire, showing more negative consequences of its maladaptive use. With respect to major study, students of Journalism and Broadcasting showed a more maladaptive pattern of Internet use than students of other majors. The components of Perceived Emotional Intelligence contributed to the explanation of the variance of the general indicators of psychological distress, but to a lesser degree than maladaptive use of Internet and mobile phone.

Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out

Social networking sites (SNS) are especially attractive for adolescents, but it has also been shown that these users can suffer from negative psychological consequences when using these sites excessively. We analyze the role of fear of missing out (FOMO) and intensity of SNS use for explaining the link between psychopathological symptoms and negative consequences of SNS use via mobile devices. In an online survey, 1468 Spanish-speaking Latin-American social media users between 16 and 18 years old completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Social Networking Intensity scale (SNI), the FOMO scale (FOMOs), and a questionnaire on negative consequences of using SNS via mobile device (CERM). Using structural equation modeling, it was found that both FOMO and SNI mediate the link between psychopathology and CERM, but by different mechanisms. Additionally, for girls, feeling depressed seems to trigger higher SNS involvement. For boys, anxiety triggers higher SNS involvement.

The Cell Phone in the Twenty-First Century: A Risk for Addiction or a Necessary Tool?

This chapter was originally published in the book Principles of Addiction. The copy attached is provided by Elsevier for the authors benefit and for the benefit of the authors institution, for non-commercial research, and educational use. This includes without limitation use in instruction at your institution, distribution to specific colleagues, and providing a copy to your institutions administrator.

Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder

Some of the most frequently used online applications are Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter. These applications allow individuals to communicate with other users, to share information or pictures, and to stay in contact with friends all over the world. However, a growing number of users suffer from negative consequences due to their excessive use of these applications, which can be referred to as Internet-communication disorder. The frequent use and easy access of these applications may also trigger the individuals fear of missing out on content when not accessing these applications. Using a sample of 270 participants, a structural equation model was analyzed to investigate the role of psychopathological symptoms and the fear of missing out on expectancies towards Internet-communication applications in the development of symptoms of an Internet-communication disorder. The results suggest that psychopathological symptoms predict higher fear of missing out on the individuals Internet-communication applications and higher expectancies to use these applications as a helpful tool to escape from negative feelings. These specific cognitions mediate the effect of psychopathological symptoms on Internet-communication disorder. Our results are in line with the theoretical model by Brand et al. (2016) as they show how Internet-related cognitive bias mediates the relationship between a persons core characteristics (e.g., psychopathological symptoms) and Internet-communication disorder. However, further studies should investigate the role of the fear of missing out as a specific predisposition, as well as specific cognition in the online context.

Interaction with the Game and Motivation among Players of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games

Knowledge about users interacting with Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG) is fundamental in order to prevent their potential negative effects on behavior. For this reason, the present study analyzed the relationship between styles of play and motivations. An online questionnaire asking for socio-demographic details, playing style, characteristics of the game played and motivations for playing, was answered by 430 Spanish-speaking MMORPG players (45.1% males). The identified profile for players, far away from the stereotype of an adolescent, consisted in a person who mainly plays on PvP (Player versus Player) servers, choosing the type of game according to his experience. Regarding motivations, they were interested in relating with other players through the game (Socialization), in discovering the games possibilities and development of its adventures (Exploration), to a lesser extent in leadership and prestige (Achievement) and, lastly, identification with an avatar and escape from reality (Dissociation). Although part of the reason for playing was escapism and/or stress relief, the main motivation had a social nature. We conclude that MMORPG offer an attractive environment for a broad spectrum of people, and we have not been able to confirm the stereotype of a loner avoiding reality, taking refuge in games.

Influence of Gender and Age in Aggressive Dream Content of Spanish Children and Adolescents

This study investigated the aggressive components of the dream content of 120 Spanish children and adolescents of 4 different age groups. The C. S. Hall and R. L. Van de Castle (1966) coding system was used to rate the number of dream characters and aggressions, and the content findings were analyzed via the indicators presented by G. W. Domhoff (1993, 1996, 2003). Results confirm the findings of previous studies of gender and age differences in dream content: Boys tend to have more aggressive dream content, which tends to decrease with age until reaching a pattern similar to the normative group; younger children, especially boys, tend to be victims of aggression more frequently than do older children. In addition, a data analysis procedure involving cumulative scoring of the aggression scale as well as nonparametric statistics yielded significant differences between boys and girls of the youngest group for severity of aggression.

Gender stereotypes in Facebook profiles

Social Networking Sites (SNS) provide a platform for young people to present themselves as they would like to be seen by others. Several authors have argued that females and males are subjected to differing sorts of temptation to present altered images of themselves online, with added pressure placed upon girls to present themselves in a more stereotypical way, possibly undermining their psychological wellbeing. In this study, 797 adolescents (429 females) between 12 and 17 years replied to a questionnaire on their Facebook use, the Personal Well-being Index (PWI), the Big Five Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents and the Bem Sex Roles Inventory, administered twice, the first time reporting how they see themselves in terms of gender stereotypes and the second indicating how they present themselves on Facebook. Results indicate that users present themselves in a less gender stereotypical way online, and that women do so more than males; altered self-presentation on Facebook influenced personal well-being, but to a lesser degree than other factors; finally, high intensity Facebook use showed a negative effect on well-being. Several factors could account for these results: a change in gender stereotypes, the trend toward more self descriptions as androgynous, a progressive normalization of Facebook use, and educational campaigns for safer use. Adolescents present themselves on Facebook in a less gender-stereotypical way.Girls want to be less female online.Alteration of Facebook profile influences personal well-being negatively, but less than personality factors.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale

BACKGROUND Passion has been shown to be involved in psychological processes that emerge in diverse human activities like physical activity and sports, work, leisure, videogaming, pathological gambling, and interpersonal relationships. We aimed to present evidence of validity and internal consistency of the Passion Scale in Spanish based on the Dualistic Model of Passion, comprising harmonious and obsessive dimensions. METHOD The sample comprised 1,007 participants (350 females and 657 males), aged 16-65 (Md= 30.0 years). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), measurement invariance and Multiple-Cause-Multiple-Indicator models (MIMIC) were used. RESULTS Fit for the ESEM 2-factor solution was acceptable. Near full or partial measurement invariance across sex, type of activity, and age was supported. Relationships between both harmonious and obsessive dimensions and the external variables considered (age, sex, and criterion items) reasonably replicated those found in previous studies. Both scale scores showed adequate internal consistency (α = .81). CONCLUSIONS Empirical evidence for the validity and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale is satisfactory and reveals that the scale is comparable to the English and French versions. Therefore, the Passion Scale can be used in research conducted in Spanish.

Problematic Use of the Internet and Smartphones in University Students: 2006–2017

It has been more than a decade since a concern about the addictive use of the Internet and mobile phones was first expressed, and its possible inclusion into the lists of mental disorders has recently become a popular topic of scientific discussion. Thus, it seems to be a fitting moment to investigate the prevalence of this issue over time. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use in young people over the period 2006–2017. To this end, a questionnaire on Internet use habits and two questionnaires on the negative consequences of Internet and smartphone use were administered to a sample of 792 university students. The scores were then compared with the results of former studies that had used these questionnaires. The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade, social networks are considered responsible for this increase, and females are perceived to be more affected than males. The current study shows how strong smartphone and Internet addiction and social media overlap. Participants from 2017 report higher negative consequences of both Internet and mobile phone use than those from 2006, but long-term observations show a decrease in problematic use after a sharp increase in 2013. We conclude that the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.

Efectos de las horas y los hábitos de sueño en el rendimiento académico de niños de 6 y 7 años: un estudio preliminar

Resumen El presente estudio investiga la relación entre aspectos cuantitativos y cualitativos del sueño y el rendimiento académico en niños de 6 y 7 años. Un total de 142 alumnos de primaria (65 niñas y 77 niños) procedentes de diversos centros escolares y sin alteraciones patológicas que afectan el sueño fueron evaluados, a través de un cuestionario presentado a los padres, respecto a sus hábitos y horas de sueño nocturno. Paralelamente, se evaluaron una serie de competencias académicas (comunicativas, metodológicas, transversales y específicas). Los resultados mostraron un peor desempeño escolar en los niños con menos horas de sueño y con unos malos hábitos de sueño, efecto que ya se había observado en estudios anteriores. Dormir menos de nueve horas y acostarse tarde y de forma irregular afecta al rendimiento académico de los niños de esta franja de edad respecto a todas las competencias evaluadas, excepto las específicas, a las que sólo afecta el mal hábito. Los autores concluyen que mantener una higiene de sueño adecuada a la edad contribuye al desarrollo cognitivo positivo y sugieren el desarrollo de programas de prevención al respecto.