Uwe Niederberger

Polysomnographic findings in nights preceding a migraine attack

Sleep recordings were performed in eight patients to analyse sleep alterations preceding migraine attacks. Polysomnographic recordings from nights before an attack were compared with nights without following migraine. We analysed standard sleep parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra. The main findings preceding migraine attacks were a significant decrease in the number of arousals, a decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) density, a significant decrease of beta power in the slow wave sleep, and a decrease of alpha power during the first REM period. The results suggest a decrease in cortical activation during sleep preceding migraine attacks. According to the models of sleep regulation, alterations in the function of aminergic or cholinergic brainstem nuclei have to be discussed.

Das ADHS-Summercamp - Entwicklung und Evaluation eines multimodalen Programms

Die Studie beschaftigt sich mit der Frage, ob und inwieweit ein multimodales, massiertes, stringent lernpsychologisch orientiertes Gruppenprogramm (ADHS-Summercamp, ASCT; 12 Tage; 100 Stunden) die klinische ADHS-Kernsymptomatik gunstig beeinflussen kann. Dabei sollte der besondere Einfluss von Response-Cost-Token (RCT) untersucht werden. Das ASCT wurde in einem Pra-Post1-Post2-Design mit einer standardisierten Elternberatungsgruppe (SEB) verglichen. An der Studie nahmen insgesamt 27 Kinder im Alter zwischen 6 und 17 Jahren teil, die nach Alter, Geschlecht und Kernsymptomatik per Zufall entweder der ASCT-Gruppe (N = 18) oder der SEB-Gruppe (N = 19) zugeordnet wurden. Wahrend des Summercamps wurden neben einem sozialen Kompetenztraining schulbezogene Tests und Sport durchgefuhrt, wobei uber alle Alltagssituationen hinweg das RCT systematisch angewendet wurde. Zudem erhielten die Kinder doppelblind, randomisiert und cross-over die drei folgenden Medikationen: Methylphenidat unretardiert, Methylphenidat retar...

Does an aerobic endurance programme have an influence on information processing in migraineurs

BackgroundMigraine is a disorder of central information processing which is characterized by a reduced habituation of event-related potentials. There might be positive effects of aerobic exercise on brain function and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of exercise on information processing and clinical course of migraine.Methods33 patients completed a ten-week aerobic exercise programme. To examine the influence of the treatment on information processing and attention, Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, d2-Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) and recordings of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were performed before and after the training.ResultsPatients showed a significant reduction of the migraine attack frequency, the iCNV-amplitude and the processing time for TMT-A and TMT-B after treatment. Moreover, there was a significant increase of the habituation and positive changes in parameters of attention (d2-LCT) after the training.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that aerobic exercise programme influences central information processing and leads to clinical effects on the migraine symptomatology. The results can be interpreted in terms of an improvement of a dysfunctional information processing and a stimulus selection under aerobic exercise.

Correlation between tests of attention and performance on grooved and Purdue pegboards in normal subjects

This study investigated the relation between tests of manual dexterity and attentional functions with 49 normal, right-handed medical students (26 women, 23 men, ages 19–30 years) who were assessed with a Purdue Pegboard Test, Grooved Pegboard Test, and a Test for Attentional Performance, comprising measures of tonic and phasic alertness and divided attention. Weak to moderately high partial correlations controlling for finger size were obtained between pegboard test performance of the left hand and phasic alertness (r = .31–.5O). Purdue Pegboard Assembly subtest scores were weakly correlated with divided attention (r = −.39). These findings suggest that attention is an important determinant of performance for manual dexterity tests of the nondominant hand.

Central mechanisms of controlled-release metoprolol in migraine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study

β-Blockers are widely used in the prophylaxis of migraine and have been described as very effective drugs in many studies. Some investigators have demonstrated that the clinical improvement of migraine corresponds to the normalization of the contingent negative variation (CNV), a slow cortical potential measuring cortical information processing. However, most of these studies have contained a variety of methodological pitfalls, which we attempted to address in the current study. Twenty patients suffering from migraine without aura were randomly divided into two groups. The groups were treated either with controlled-release metoprolol or placebo for 3 months, using a double-blind design. Twice before and once after each month of the treatment the CNV was recorded. After 3 months, a significant reduction of migraine frequency, duration and intensity was demonstrated for the metoprolol compared with the placebo group. The CNV was characterized by a marked reduction of the amplitude of the total CNV and postimperative negative variation and normalization of the eartly CNV habituation following treatment. Therefore, metoprolol may exert its prophylactic effect in migraine through the influence on cortical information processing and excitability represented by the CNV.

Efficacy of Phenazone in the Treatment of Acute Migraine Attacks: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study

In this study we compared the efficacy of 1000 mg phenazone with that of placebo in the treatment of acute migraine attacks in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 208 patients. The main target criterion was the number of patients with a pain reduction from severe or moderate to slight or no pain 2 h after taking the pain medication. The percentage of patients satisfying the main target criterion was 48.6% for phenazone and 27.2% (P < 0.05) for placebo. Freedom from pain after 2 h was reported by 27.6% with phenazone treatment and 13.6% (P < 0.05) with placebo. Compared with placebo, the phenazone treatment also resulted in a significant improvement in the associated migraine symptoms of nausea, phonophobia and photophobia. Of patients treated with phenazone 11.4%, and 5.8% of those treated with placebo reported adverse events. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to numbers of patients with adverse events. No serious adverse events occurred. The results show that phenazone at a dosage of 1000 mg is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of acute migraine attacks.

Non-linear electroencephalogram dynamics in patients with spontaneous nocturnal migraine attacks

The present study was conducted to examine non-linear electroencephalogram (EEG) measures during the development of a spontaneous migraine attack. We investigated the sleep EEG of five patients with migraine without aura in the pain-free interval and at the onset of a nocturnal attack. Sleep EEG recordings were analysed using the method of global dimensional complexity compared to conventional sleep scoring techniques. We found no divergence between classical sleep architecture and the estimated dimensional course nor any relevant short-term changes related to the onset of headache. There was, however, a loss of dimensional complexity in the first two non-rapid eye movement sleep states in the migraine night, with statistical significance during the second sleep cycle. For the first time, these results provide evidence of a global dimension decrease that is related to cortical network changes during a migraine attack.

Probleme und Ansätze zur Anlage und Bewertung von Therapiestudien bei Kopfschmerzpatienten

A review of studies on migraine therapy shows a large heterogeneity in the clinical evaluation of different drugs and behavioral approaches. The percentages of efficacy of beta-blockers or behavior therapy (relaxation, biofeedback) range from 30% to 80%. Methodological differences from one author to another in the design and conduct of the studies might be causes of this variation. For both clinical practice and empirical research (e.g. replication of treatment studies) an uniformity in the application of different methodological techniques should be sought. This paper discusses the influence of methodological aspects on the success rates of treatment for chronic headaches, especially migraine. We question the present practice of applying traditional group experiments in headache research. Double-blind and placebo-controlled studies are often required, but this demand often cannot be niet in empirical reality because of the individuality of the patient or the heterogeneity of the symptoms. We discuss some alternative approaches that could be used in empirical research on headache therapy. The application of single-case experiments as well as methods of time-series analysis are described as a more appropriate approach to the evaluation of studies on chronic headaches.ZusammenfassungDie Angaben zur Wirksamkeit verschiedener Migräneprophylaktika und nichtmedikamentöser Behandlungsverfahren schwanken in der Literatur erheblich. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür liegt in der Uneinheitlichkeit der verwendeten Forschungsmethoden. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die verschiedenen methodischen Ansätze bei der Planung und Durchführung von klinischen Therapiestudien bei chronischen Kopfschmerzen. Ausgehend von versuchsplanerischen Überlegungen werden traditionelle Gruppenexperimente und deren implizite Forderungen (Doppelblind-Experimente, Placebokontrolle, Randomisierung) in Frage gestellt. Einzelfallanalytische Verfahren werden als mögliche methodische Alternative vorgestellt. Dabei werden spezifische Effizienzkriterien operational definiert. Der Vorteil von zeitreihenanalytischen Auswertungsverfahren insbesonderen bei Verlaufsmessungen mittels Kopfschmerztagebücher wird aufgezeigt. Der Beitrag soll Möglichkeiten der Anlage von Kopfschmerzstudien aufzeigen und zugleich zur Vereinheitlichung und Transparenz in der Kopfschmerzforschung anregen.A review of studies on migraine therapy shows a large heterogeneity in the clinical evaluation of different drugs and behavioral approaches. The percentages of efficacy of beta-blockers or behavior therapy (relaxation, biofeedback) range from 30% to 80%. Methodological differences from one author to another in the design and conduct of the studies might be causes of this variation. For both clinical practice and empirical research (e.g. replication of treatment studies) an uniformity in the application of different methodological techniques should be sought. This paper discusses the influence of methodological aspects on the success rates of treatment for chronic headaches, especially migraine. We question the present practice of applying traditional group experiments in headache research. Double-blind and placebo-controlled studies are often required, but this demand often cannot be niet in empirical reality because of the individuality of the patient or the heterogeneity of the symptoms. We discuss some alternative approaches that could be used in empirical research on headache therapy. The application of single-case experiments as well as methods of time-series analysis are described as a more appropriate approach to the evaluation of studies on chronic headaches.

Responders and Non-Responders to Metoprolol, Propranolol and Nifedipine Treatment in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Dose-Range Study Based on Time-Series Analysis

The aim of the present study was to ascertain, on the basis of single case statistics and time-series analysis, responder and non-responder rates for metoprolol, propranolol and nifedipine in migraine prophylaxis. In addition, an attempt was made to identify the dose relationship for the various drugs on headache parameters. In a double-blind dose-finding study, 58 patients were treated in five consecutive dosage steps each lasting 1-3 months. All patients kept a headache diary before, during and after treatment. Serum drug levels were also determined. The data were assessed by time-series analysis, as well as by multiple regression and analysis of variance. A significant improvement was noted in 54.4% of patients with migraine during treatment with metoprolol. The study did not confirm the high success rates in migraine prophylaxis of nifedipine and propranolol quoted in the literature. Administration of nifedipine led to an increase in migraine attacks in 71% of the patients. Nifedipine was of no value in the prophylaxis of migraine. Only 32% of patients showed a reduction in frequency of migraine attacks during administration of propranolol. The analysis of variance failed to show any significant difference between the responder rates for metoprolol and propranolol. Higher doses of propranolol and metoprolol were more effective. Multiple regression analysis explained a considerable part of variance for propranolol (but not for metoprolol) as a result of reduced intake of ergotamine preparations and analgesics. It can therefore be concluded that part of the prophylactic effect of propranolol is attributable to a reduction in the use of migraine medication.

The impact of a multimodal Summer Camp Training on neuropsychological functioning in children and adolescents with ADHD: An exploratory study

This study examined the combined effects of methylphenidate (MPD) and response cost and token strategy (RCT), administered in an intensive ADHD Summer Camp Training (ASCT) format, on neuropsychological functions. Forty children with ADHD were randomly assigned to either the ASCT treatment (MPD plus RCT) or a control group (MPD plus a 1-hour session of standardized parental education/counselling [SPC]). This latter group was structured to be similar to the more typical current treatment. The ASCT treatment was administered for 2½ weeks and included RCT, consisting of elements of social skill training, attention training, and sports participation. RCT was systematically applied in all daily situations and activities. Executive functions and state of regulation using the Test for Attention Performance (TAP) and the Trail-Making Test (TMT) were assessed before training and at a 6-month follow-up. Participants receiving the ASCT improved specific neuropsychological functions in attention regulation and inhibitory control tasks at the 6-month follow-up. No changes occurred for participants assigned to the control condition. The data suggest that an intensive multimodal summer camp treatment program including strategies of instrumental learning can lead to substantial and enduring improvements in neuropsychological functioning of children and adolescents with ADHD.