V. Krishna

A gradual advancement of the extraction and cleanup techniques for residue analysis of pesticides in food matrices and liquid products: a review

In this review we have discussed the methods which have been used for extraction and cleanup during multi residue methods (MRM) of pesticides in food matrices and liquid food products. Single residue method (SRM) is used for the analysis of single pesticide residue in matrix. Now days it is very common to find pesticides in the food products because of the increased use of pesticides for the protection and better productivity of food materials. Different types of pesticides are used on the plants and food materials. There is a gradual advancement in the multi pesticide residue analysis of food and liquid food products so that the use of pesticides can be monitored. In this concern there are methods which are used for the single pesticide residue analysis and multi pesticide residue analysis. The development of residue analysis methods depends on the properties of matrices and pesticides. In recent time the advancement in techniques and instrumentation has contributed to great extent in the improvement of residue analysis. Soxlet extraction (SOX) is still in use for MRM. Liquidliquid extraction (LLE) is applied in the pesticide residue analysis of commodities with highmoisture.. Earlier the process of residue analysis were long and tiring and involved the use of larger quantity of hazardous solvent and other chemicals but the advanced methods are more convenient and lesser in cost. Key wordsMRM, SRM, SOX, LLE, SPE, SPME, MSPD, SFE, ASE.

Physiological and anatomical index in reference to management of thoracic trauma

Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) is the method of quantifying the anatomical extent of the injury (proposed by Ivatury et al, 1987) which includes injuries to Intrathoracic organs only i.e., heart, major vessels, lungs and esophagus. We hare suggested the inclusion of injuries to thoracic boundaries I.e. chest wall and diaphragm in the overall anatomical assessment and have used the term Anatomical Index (AI). The extent of physiological abnormality induced by injury (Physiological Index-PI) was graded on a scale of increasing severity from 5–20 based on vital signs of patients on admission. Analysis of 352 patients with thoracic trauma (May, 1991-August, 1993) revealed that higher grades of PI is associated with higher mortality and morbidity. Values of AI have better correlation with PI than TTI. The AI values have also shown excellent correlation with survival. A composite prognostic score (PS) i.e. the sum of PI and AI has demonstrated a significant separation of survivors and nonsurvivors (p< 0.001). It is concluded that these anatomic indices and physiologic indices are useful in evaluating and prognosticating thoracic trauma.