Vanderlan Warlington Souza dos Santos

Interspecific transmission of small ruminant lentiviruses from goats to sheep

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the transmission of caprine lentivirus to sheep using different experimental groups. The first one (colostrum group) was formed by nine lambs receiving colostrum from goats positive for small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). The second group (milk group) was established by nine lambs that received milk of these goats. Third was a control group, consisting of lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of negative mothers. Another experimental group (contact group) was formed by eight adult sheep, confined with two naturally infected goats. The groups were monitored by immunoblotting (IB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). All lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of infected goats and six sheep of the contact group had positive results in the nPCR, although seroconversion was detected only in three of the exposed animals, with no clinical lentiviruses manifestation, in 720 days of observation. There was a close relationship between viral sequences obtained from infected animals and the prototype CAEV-Cork. Thus, it was concluded that SRLV can be transmitted from goats to sheep, however, the degree of adaptation of the virus strain to the host species probably interferes with the infection persistence and seroconversion rate.

Caprine lentivirus in sheep milk and semen

Abstract: With the objective of detecting the presence of caprine lentivirus (CLV) in ewe milk and in ram semen, ten matrixes and four reproducers experimentally infected with CLV were used. Samples of ewe milk were collected during the four months of lactation, five collections per animal, totaling 50 samples. Regarding the rams, eight semen collections were made per animal, during one year of experimentation, totaling 32 samples. The milk and semen samples were submitted to DNA extraction and the nested polymerase chain reaction test (nPCR) to detect CLV proviral DNA. Eight (16%) of the milk samples were positive in nPCR originating from two ewes. Only one (3.12%) semen sample was positive. The amplification products were sequenced, and were confirmed to be a CLV genomic sequence. Thus, the presence of CLV proviral DNA in sheep milk and semen was demonstrated, confirming the feasibility of infection between species, and alerting to the risk of spreading infections. [Lentivirus caprino em leite e semen de ovinos]. Resumo: Com o objetivo de detectar a presenca do lentivirus caprino (LVC) no leite de ovelhas e no semen de carneiros, utilizaram-se 10 matrizes e quatro reprodutores infectados experimentalmente com o LVC. Foram coletadas amostras de leite das ovelhas durante os quatro meses de lactacao, ocorrendo cinco coletas por animal, totalizando 50 amostras. Quanto aos carneiros, realizaram-se oito coletas de semen por animal, durante um ano de experimentacao, totalizando 32 amostras. As amostras de leite e de semen foram submetidas a extracao de DNA e a prova de reacao em cadeia da polimerase do tipo nested (nPCR) visando a deteccao de DNA proviral do LVC. Oito (16%) amostras de leite foram positivas na nPCR oriundas de duas ovelhas. Apenas uma (3,12%) amostra de semen apresentou positividade. Produtos da amplificacao foram sequenciados, confirmando-se tratar de sequencia genomica do LVC. Dessa forma, demonstrou-se a presenca do DNA proviral do LVC em leite e semen de ovinos, confirmando a viabilidade da infeccao entre especies e, assim, alertando sobre o risco de que a infeccao seja disseminada.

Duration of passive immunity to small ruminant lentiviruses in lambs

In order to evaluate the passive immunity against small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) in lambs, this study was conducted from two experimental groups. The first one (G1) was established by nine lambs subjected to artificial feeding of colostrum of goats positive for SRLV. The second one (G2) was the control group, consisting of ten lambs subjected to suckling of colostrum from their negative mothers. Blood samples were obtained before the first feeding, after 24 hours of birth and at 7, 15, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 120 days of age. The concentrations of total serum protein (TSP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were determined and antibodies to SRLV were surveyed from the techniques of agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and immunoblotting (IB). In both groups, the lowest averages of TSP, GLOB and IgG were observed at birth and the highest averages were observed at 24 hours of life, due to absorption of colostral immunoglobulins. For G1, transfer of immunity could also be detected by immunodiagnostic tests. At birth, the animals were seronegative. After 24 hours, all animals were positive in three serological tests. Negative results began to be observed after 15 days of age by the AGID test. As for Elisa testing, all animals remained reagent until 50 days old. Only IB was able to detect anti-SRLV at 70 days. Regarding G2, all animals tested negative in AGID and IB, from birth until 120 days of age. However, false-positive results were observed until day 15 in Elisa, due to nonspecific reactions. These data are consistent with the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests and show that starting at 90 days of age, colostral antibodies to SRLV are no longer detected in the serum of lambs.

Avaliação in vivo de antissépticos e desinfetantes no controle da Linfadenite Caseosa: acompanhamento clínico, hematológico, sorológico e microbiológico

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of iodine tincture at 10% and sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% applied into the abscess of animals affected by Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL). Eighteen ewes were used, assorted into three groups: one treated with iodine tincture at 10% (IT), another one with sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% (SH) and the last group underwent the conventional treatment (CT). Conventional treatment was based on surgical drainage and chemical cauterization of the lesion with iodine tincture at 10%. Natural rupture of six abscesses from IT group was observed and in five of them the viability of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed on the lesion place, after rupture of lymph node. As for the SH group, spontaneous rupture was observed in five out of six abscesses treated, and the microorganism was identified on the lesion of five animals, after rupture. In the sixth animal of this group, abscess involution was noticed. A severe swelling was identified in the region of lymph node treated, resulting in wide lesion in animals from groups IT and SH. No difference (p > 0,05) was found in blood parameters due to treatments. As for the serological monitoring of animals, comparative analysis between months within each group showed that months 1, 2, 3 and 4 were different (p 0,05) between months 1 to 5 and 0. Then, the application of iodine tincture at 10% or sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% into the abscess of animals affected by CL, at stage in which lesions are detected through inspection, is not effective for its control.

Serum epidemiological survey and risk factors investigation for lentivirus in goats from Sisal Region, Bahia, Brazil

Arq. Inst. Biol., v.85, 1-6, e0812016, 2018 RESUMO: Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um levanta‐ mento soroepidemiológico da artrite encefalite caprino na região sisaleira do estado da Bahia e avaliar os fatores de risco. Foram ava‐ liadas 831 amostras de soros sanguíneos de caprinos entre machos e fêmeas, com idade superior a seis meses, provenientes de 49 proprie‐ dades rurais distribuídas entre os municípios de Araci, Cansanção, Conceição do Coité, Itiúba, Monte Santo, Nordestina, Queimadas, Santa Luz, São Domingos e Valente. Foi aplicado um questioná‐ rio epidemiológico destinado à análise de possíveis fatores de risco. Todos os soros foram submetidos ao teste da imunodifusão em gel de ágar. A soroprevalência obtida nos rebanhos pesquisados foi de 1,56% (13/831). Houve diferença significativa (p≤0,05) para padrão racial dos animais, tipo de exploração e sistemas de criação. Quando se consideraram apenas os rebanhos com raças predomi‐ nantemente leiteiras (Saanen e Pardo alpina), dos municípios de Valente, Conceição do Coité e São Domingos, a soropositividade nos animais elevou‐se para 5,06% (12/237). Nesses municípios, de 14 propriedades analisadas, 5 (38,5%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal sororeagente. Esse resultado é extremamente preocu‐ pante quando se constata que poucas medidas de controle são ado‐ tadas pelos criadores para impedir a disseminação dessa importante enfermidade na bacia leiteira mais relevante do estado da Bahia.

Small ruminant lentiviruses: economic and productive losses, consequences of the disease

Abstract: Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management. [Lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes: perdas produtivas e economicas, consequencias da doenca]. Resumo: Os lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes, o virus da artrite encefalite caprina e o virus Maedi-Visna causam enfermidades que ocasionam perdas produtivas significativas, principalmente em animais com aptidao leiteira. Esses virus pertencem a familia Retroviridae e ao genero Lentivirus e formam um grupo genetico heterogeneo, o que pode ocasionar implicacoes para o diagnostico e o controle dos lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes. As perdas causadas pelos lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes estao relacionadas com falhas reprodutivas, vida produtiva curta e diminuicao da producao leiteira dos animais infectados. Alem disso, esses virus podem promover a reducao da qualidade do leite, afetando a producao de laticinios, tal como o queijo. Os lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes levam a perdas indiretas, reduzindo o valor dos rebanhos e forcando o desenvolvimento de barreiras comerciais epidemiologicas para germoplasma animal. O controle dos lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes e importante para promover uma maior producao de leite e reduzir os custos com medicamentos e assistencia tecnica. Esse controle pode variar de acordo com a populacao caprina e ovina de cada pais em termos de soroprevalencia, variedade de racas e particularidades do manejo adotado

Avaliação de um controle estratégico da artrite encefalite caprina em rebanho caprino leiteiro.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilizacao periodica de testes de diagnostico mais sensiveis aliados as praticas de manejo, visando ao controle eficaz da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE). Foram realizadas oito coletas de sangue em matrizes e reprodutores. Da primeira a setima analise, as coletas foram quadrimestrais, utilizando-se os testes de imunodifusao em gel de agarose (IDGA), ensaio imunoenzimatico indireto (ELISA-i) e Western Blot (WB). A oitava coleta aconteceu seis meses apos a setima, utilizando-se o WB e a reacao em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). A prevalencia da CAE foi de 6,8%, 14,9% e 39,2% no IDGA, ELISA-i e WB, respectivamente. Na ultima analise, foram detectados 0,9% de animais positivos pelo WB e 10,8% pela PCR. Apesar de nao erradicarem a CAE, as medidas adotadas, aliadas a utilizacao periodica dos testes sorologicos e a combinacao com a PCR, foram importantes para reduzir significativamente os animais soropositivos no rebanho. [Evaluation of strategic control of caprine arthritis- encephalitis in dairy herd goats]. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodic use of more sensitive diagnostic tests associated to management practices for the effective control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE). We carried out eight blood samples in does and bucks. From the first to the seventh analysis, the samples were quarterly, using Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) and Western Blot (WB) tests. The eighth collection was made six months after the seventh, using the WB and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The prevalence of CAE was 6.8%, 14.9% and 39.2% in the AGID, iELISA and WB respectively. The last analysis detected 0.9% of animals positive by WB and 10.8% by PCR. Although they do not eradicate CAE, steps taken together with the periodic use of serological tests and the combination with PCR were important to significantly reduce positive animals in the herd.

Etiologia e Prevalência da Mastite de Origem Bacteriana em Animais Livres e Portadores de Artrite-Encefalite Caprina

A manifestacao clinica na glândula mamaria da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina (CAE) e frequente e tem grande significado economico na caprinocultura ao comprometer a producao leiteira e predispor a glândula mamaria a infeccoes secundarias. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a prevalencia e isolar e identificar os microrganismos causadores de mastite em animais livres e portadores de CAE. Foram utilizadas 44 cabras mesticas Saanen x Anglo-Nubiana, sendo 19 positivas para a CAE e 25 livres da enfermidade. As amostras de leite para o microbiologico foram coletadas de cada teto, durante sete meses, plaqueadas em Agar Sangue e mantidas sob incubacao a 37°C por 48h, totalizando 588 amostras. As colonias foram caracterizadas macro e microscopicamente. Posteriormente foram submetidas as provas bioquimicas de acordo com a suspeita microbiologica. Em relacao ao grupo de animais infectados pela CAE, 28,17% das amostras analisadas foram microbiologicamente positivas, e no rebanho negativo, 18,15% obtiveram resultado positivo. Foi constatada diferenca estatistica significativa (p<0,01) entre os grupos, demonstrando maior incidencia de mastite bacteriana no grupo infectado com CAE. Em relacao a identificacao dos microrganismos isolados, nao houve diferenca estatistica significativa entre os grupos. Staphylococcus sp. coagulase negativa foi identificado em 95,77% das amostras positivas ao exame microbiologico, no grupo de animais infectados pela CAE, e em 93,44% no rebanho livre da doenca. DOI:10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v12n2p223-226