Varinder Uppal

Toxic effect of formaldehyde on the respiratory organs of rabbits: a light and electron microscopic study.

In this study, the effect of direct exposure of formaldehyde in different concentration was observed in 14 rabbits aged 3-6 months and weighing 1100-1200 g. The animals were divided into two groups with six animals in each group, and two animals were kept as control. The animals of group I were exposed to 10% formalin for 12 weeks and those of group II to 40% formalin solution for 6 weeks. After completion of the experimental periods, the animals were killed and the tissue samples were collected from the nasal cavity, trachea and lungs in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Karnovsky’s fixative to examine the histological and electron microscopic changes in the organs. The mucosal cells of nasal cavity showed loss of cilia and epithelial metaplasia was observed in places. There was vascular congestion and mild subepithelial odema. The tracheal epithelium was organized with hyperchromatic nuclei. There was subepithelial odema along with lymphomononuclear cellular infiltration. There was marked emphysema evident as bulla formation of air spaces due to rupture of interalveolar septum. An increased cellularity of alveolar wall was observed, resulting in its thickening. The epithelial lining of bronchioles showed loss of mucosal folds and hyperplasia of cells along with peribronchial lymphomononuclear cellular infiltration. Thickening of wall of blood vessels was evident. Congestion and haemorrhages were observed in places. It is concluded that the histopathological changes were more remarkable in the animals exposed to 40% formaldehyde for short duration than the animals exposed to 10% formaldehyde for longer duration with a more severe effect on the upper part of the respiratory tract than the lower one.

Embryonic Development of Heart in Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study was conducted on 35 buffalo foetuses from 0.9 cm CVRL (32 days) to 99.5 cm CVRL (298 days) to observe the morphogenesis and histogenesis of heart. The study revealed that, in 0.9 cm CVRL buffalo foetus, heart was unseptated and tubular which was clearly divided into common atrial chamber dorsally, primitive ventricles ventrally, primitive outflow tract with bulbous cordis region proximally, and aortic sac distally at 1.2 cm CVRL. Septum primum appeared at 1.9 cm CVRL whereas the truncal swellings and fold of interventricular septum appeared at 2.5 cm CVRL foetus. At 3.0 cm CVRL septum primum, endocardial cushions, septum secundum, and foramen ovale were observed. At 7.6 cm CVRL the endocardial cushions fused to form right and left atrioventricular openings and ventricular apex became pointed. Interventricular canal was obliterated and four-chambered heart was recognised along with atrioventricular valve, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles in 8.7 cm CVRL (66 days) buffalo foetus. The endocardium as well as epicardium of the atria was thicker as compared to ventricle, whereas the myocardium of atria was thin as compared to ventricles in all the age groups. All the internal structures of heart were well differentiated from 50 cm CVRL onwards. The detailed structural components of buffalo heart during prenatal period have been discussed in the present paper.

Light and scanning electron microscopy studies of quail tongues

The present study was conducted on the tongues of six Punjab white quails. The tissues from the apex, body and root of the tongue were processed for paraffin sectioning and scanning electron microscopy studies. The tongue was triangular in shape having an apex, body and root. The dorsal surface of the apex and body was smooth whereas large lingual conical papillae were located symmetrically and converging in median line between the body and the root. There was an additional layer of conical papillae composed of two large papillae behind the main row of papillae. The tongue was lined by stratified squamous epithelium which was keratinised at the apex. The anterior lingual salivary glands were mainly serous type whereas the posterior salivary glands were mucous type. There were topographical differences in the size, shape and appearance of the exfoliated superficial cells of the dorsal surface epithelium in the apex and body of the tongue.

Morphogenesis of Mammary Glands in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The present research was elucidated on the morphogenesis of mammary gland of buffalo during prenatal development. Total of 16 foetuses ranging from 1.2 cm (34 days) to 108 cm CVRL (curved crown rump length) (317 days) were used for study. The study revealed that mammary line was first observed at 1.2 cm CVRL (34 days), mammary hillock at 1.7 cm (37 days), and mammary bud at 2.6 cm CVRL (41 days) foetuses. Epidermal cone was found at 6.7 cm CVRL (58 days) whereas primary and secondary ducts were observed at 7.4 cm CVRL (62 days) and 15 cm CVRL (96 days), respectively. Connective tissue whorls were reported at 18.2 cm CVRL (110 days) and internal elastic lamina and muscle layers at 24.1 cm CVRL (129 days). Lobules were observed at 29.3 cm CVRL (140 days), rosette of furstenberg at 39.5 cm CVRL (163 days), and keratin plug at 45.5 cm CVRL (176 days) foetus. Primordia of sweat and sebaceous glands around hair follicle were seen at 21.2 cm CVRL (122 days) of foetal life. Differentiation of all the skin layers along with cornification was observed at 69 cm (229 days) in group III foetuses.

Histogenesis of Testicular Parenchyma During Prenatal Life in Buffalo

El estudio fue realizado en los testiculos de 18 fetos de bufalos, para revelar la histogenesis y diferenciacion de las diferentes celulas de parenquima testicular. A los 8,0 cm de longitud corona-rabadilla (LCR) (65 dias) los tubulos seminiferos estuvieron presentes en la periferia de la gonada y una red poligonal de celulas mesenquimales se observo en el centro del testiculo. Estos tubulos estaban rodeados por una membrana basal y una sola capa de celulas peritubular a los 10 cm LCR (74 dias), la cual se convirtio en una doble capa a los 88,0 cm LCR (272 dias). El parenquima testicular a 12,0 cm LCR tenia dos zonas, zona exterior con tubulos longitudinales y zona interior con los tubulos redondeados transversalmente. Sin embargo, un patron inverso en su disposicion se observo a los 14,0 cm LCR (92 dias). Las celulas pre-Sertoli se observaron primero en fetos de bufalos de 8,0 cm LCR (65 dias) en la periferia del epitelio seminifero tubular, mientras que los gonocitos fueron visibles en el centro de los tubulos a 10,6 cm LCR (76 dias). Las celulas de Leydig fetales tambien se observaron a los 8,0 cm LCR (65 dias), pero a los 14,0 cm LCR (92 dias), el intersticio tuvo una considerable expansion debido a la diferenciacion de celulas mesenquimales en celulas de Leydig.

Age Related Histomorphochemical Changes in Ovaries of Punjab White Quail

In India, quail was introduced two decades ago and has partially replaced the domestic fowl both in research and open market for human consumption. The quail originally domesticated around 11th century as a pet song bird, is now highly valued [1,2]. Quail reproduces throughout the year on contrary to seasonally breeding birds. It attains the maturity at 28 days and first decline of fertility has been recorded at 12 months and last egg laid or 90% fertility loss at 17-24 months of age [3]. The advantages of quail farming includes minimum floor space, low investment, comparatively sturdy birds, early market age and sexuality, high rate of egg production and less feed requirement [4]. Besides, Quail meat and egg are tastier than chicken and has less fat contents. It has been shown to promote body and brain development in children and nursing mothers [5]. In quail farming, the reproductive and immune status of birds is of prime importance to obtain good production [6].