Vasilios Giampatzis

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a worse functional outcome of ischemic stroke

AIM To assess whether ischemic stroke severity and outcome is more adverse in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Consecutive patients hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke between September 2010 and June 2013 were studied prospectively (n = 482; 40.2% males, age 78.8 ± 6.7 years). T2DM was defined as self-reported T2DM or antidiabetic treatment. Stroke severity was evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission. The outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at discharge and with in-hospital mortality. Adverse outcome was defined as mRS score at discharge ≥ 2 or in-hospital death. The length of hospitalization was also recorded. RESULTS T2DM was present in 32.2% of the study population. Patients with T2DM had a larger waist circumference, higher serum triglyceride and glucose levels and lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as well as higher prevalence of hypertension, coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure than patients without T2DM. On the other hand, diabetic patients had lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reported smaller consumption of alcohol than non-diabetic patients. At admission, the NIHSS score did not differ between patients with and without T2DM (8.7 ± 8.8 and 8.6 ± 9.2, respectively; P = NS). At discharge, the mRS score also did not differ between the two groups (2.7 ± 2.1 and 2.7 ± 2.2 in patients with and without T2DM, respectively; P = NS). Rates of adverse outcome were also similar in patients with and without T2DM (62.3% and 58.5%, respectively; P = NS). However, when we adjusted for the differences between patients with T2DM and those without T2DM in cardiovascular risk factors, T2DM was independently associated with adverse outcome [relative risk (RR) = 2.39; 95%CI: 1.21-4.72, P = 0.012]. In-hospital mortality rates did not differ between patients with T2DM and those without T2DM (9.0% and 9.8%, respectively; P = NS). In multivariate analysis adjusting for the difference in cardiovascular risk factors between the two groups, T2DM was again not associated with in-hospital death. CONCLUSION T2DM does not appear to affect ischemic stroke severity but is independently associated with a worse functional outcome at discharge.

Elevated Diastolic But Not Systolic Blood Pressure Increases Mortality Risk in Hypertensive But Not Normotensive Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND The relationship between blood pressure (BP) at admission for acute ischemic stroke and outcome is controversial. We aimed to assess whether only systolic BP (SBP), only diastolic BP (DBP), both or neither predict outcome and whether these associations differ between patients with and without a history of hypertension. METHODS We prospectively studied all patients who were admitted with acute ischemic stroke (n = 415; 39.5% males, age 78.8 ± 6.6 years). The severity of stroke was assessed at admission with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The outcome was evaluated with dependency at discharge (modified Rankin scale between 2 and 5) and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS In the total study population, independent predictors of dependency at discharge were age, history of prior ischemic stroke, and NIHSS score at admission. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were DBP at admission and NIHSS score at admission. In patients with a history of hypertension (n = 343), independent predictors of dependency at discharge were age and NIHSS score at admission whereas independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were DBP at admission and NIHSS score at admission. In patients without a history of hypertension (n = 72), the only independent predictor of dependency at discharge and in-hospital mortality was the NIHSS score at admission. CONCLUSIONS Higher DBP at admission predict in-hospital mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke whereas SBP in the acute phase is not associated with short-term outcome. The relationship between DBP at admission and outcome appears to be more prominent in hypertensive patients.

Prior treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors is associated with better functional outcome and lower in-hospital mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted with acute ischaemic stroke

It is unclear whether prior antidiabetic treatment affects stroke severity and outcome. To evaluate this association, we prospectively studied all patients who were admitted in our Department with acute ischaemic stroke (n = 378, mean age = 78.8 ± 6.5 years). The severity of stroke was assessed at admission with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale at discharge and with in-hospital mortality. A total of 123 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. At admission, there was a trend for lower National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale in patients treated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors compared with patients treated with other antidiabetic agents (6.1 ± 7.5 vs 10.0 ± 9.2, respectively; p = 0.079). At discharge, patients treated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors had lower modified Rankin Scale than patients treated with other antidiabetic agents (2.1 ± 1.9 vs 3.2 ± 2.1, respectively; p < 0.05). Patients treated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors also had lower in-hospital mortality than patients treated with other antidiabetic agents (0.0% vs 15.1%, respectively; p < 0.05). In conclusion, prior treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in patients with acute ischaemic stroke appears to be associated with better functional outcome and lower mortality risk.

Stress hyperglycemia and acute ischemic stroke in-hospital outcome

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stress hyperglycemia is frequent in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear whether stress hyperglycemia only reflects stroke severity or if it is directly associated with adverse outcome. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of stress hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS We prospectively studied 790 consecutive patients who were admitted with acute ischemic stroke (41.0% males, age 79.4±6.8years). The severity of stroke was assessed at admission with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Stress hyperglycemia was defined as fasting serum glucose levels at the second day after admission ≥126mg/dl in patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The outcome was assessed with adverse outcome rates at discharge (modified Rankin scale between 2 and 6) and with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS In the total study population, 8.6% had stress hyperglycemia. Patients with stress hyperglycemia had more severe stroke. Independent predictors of adverse outcome at discharge were age, prior ischemic stroke and NIHSS at admission whereas treatment with statins prior to stroke was associated with favorable outcome. When the NIHSS was removed from the multivariate model, independent predictors of adverse outcome were age, heart rate at admission, prior ischemic stroke, log-triglyceride (TG) levels and stress hyperglycemia, whereas treatment with statins prior to stroke was associated with favorable outcome. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were atrial fibrillation (AF), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum log-TG levels and NIHSS at admission. When the NIHSS was removed from the multivariate model, independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were age, AF, DBP, log-TG levels and stress hyperglycemia. CONCLUSION Stress hyperglycemia does not appear to be directly associated with the outcome of acute ischemic stroke. However, given that patients with stress hyperglycemia had higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors than patients with normoglycemia and that glucose tolerance was not evaluated, more studies are needed to validate our findings.

No Association Observed Between Blood Pressure Variability During the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke and In-Hospital Outcomes

BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that blood pressure (BP) variability confers increased cardiovascular risk independently of BP. We aimed to evaluate the association between BP variability during the acute phase of ischemic stroke and the in-hospital outcome. METHODS We prospectively studied 608 consecutive patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke (39.5% males, age: 79.1±6.6 years). Variability in BP was assessed with the SD and with the coefficient of variation of systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) during the first 2 and the first 3 days of hospitalization. The outcome was assessed with dependency rates at discharge and with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Patients who were dependent at discharge did not differ from patients who were independent in any index of BP variability. Independent predictors of dependency at discharge were age (relative risk (RR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.25, P < 0.001), history of prior ischemic stroke (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.02-4.24, P = 0.04), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.44-1.86, P < 0.001). Patients who died during hospitalization did not differ in any index of BP variability from patients who were discharged. DBP at admission was independently and directly associated with in-hospital mortality (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, P < 0.001). Other independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were history of atrial fibrillation (RR 3.30, 95% CI 1.46-7.49, P = 0.004) and NIHSS at admission (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13-1.23, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data do not support the hypothesis of an association between BP variability and in-hospital outcomes among patients admitted for ischemic stroke.

Effects of Different Classes of Antihypertensive Agents on the Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke

It is unclear whether antihypertensive treatment before stroke affects acute ischemic stroke severity and outcome. To evaluate this association, the authors studied 482 consecutive patients (age 78.8±6.7 years) admitted with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke severity was assessed at admission with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The outcome was assessed with rates of adverse outcome (modified Rankin scale at discharge ≥2). Independent predictors of severe stroke (NIHSS ≥16) were female sex and atrial fibrillation. Treatment with diuretics before stroke was associated with nonsevere stroke. At discharge, patients with adverse outcome were less likely to be treated before stroke with β‐blockers or with diuretics. Independent predictors of adverse outcome were older age, higher NIHSS at admission, and history of ischemic stroke. Treatment with diuretics before stroke appears to be associated with less severe neurologic deficit in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Comparative effects of more versus less aggressive treatment with statins on the long-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are no studies that compared the effects of different intensities of statin treatment on the long-term outcome of patients with recent ischemic stroke. We aimed to evaluate these effects. METHODS We prospectively studied 436 consecutive patients who were discharged after acute ischemic stroke (39.2% males, age 78.6 ± 6.7 years). Statin treatment was categorized in equipotent doses of atorvastatin. One year after discharge, the functional status was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Adverse outcome was defined as mRS between 2 and 6. The occurrence of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction and death was recorded. RESULT Adverse outcome rates were lower in patients treated with atorvastatin 20 mg/day or more potent doses of statins than in patients treated with atorvastatin 10 mg/day (63.5, 38.2 and 48.2%, respectively; p = 0.004). In binary logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of adverse outcome were the mRS at discharge (relative risk (RR) 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77-3.07, p < 0.001) whereas more aggressive treatment with statins independently predicted favorable outcome (atorvastatin 20 vs. 10 mg/day, RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.87, p = 0.026; atorvastatin 40 mg/day or more potent dose of statins vs. atorvastatin 10 mg/day, RR 1.66, 95% CI 0.62-4.44, p = NS). The incidence of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality showed a trend for being lower in patients treated with atorvastatin 40-80 mg/day or rosuvastatin 10-40 mg/day than in those treated with less potent doses of statins. CONCLUSION More aggressive statin treatment improves the long-term functional outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke more than less aggressive treatment.

Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and acute ischemic stroke severity and outcome.

AIM To evaluate the association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with acute ischemic stroke severity and in-hospital outcome. METHODS We prospectively studied all patients who were admitted in our Department with acute ischemic stroke between September 2010 and August 2012 (n = 415; 39.5% males, mean age 78.8 ± 6.6 years). The severity of stroke was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission. NALFD was defined as serum alanine aminotransferase and/or aspartate aminotransferase levels above the upper limit of normal in the absence of other causes of elevated aminotransferases levels [chronic hepatitis B or C, drug toxicity, increased alcohol consumption (> 21 and > 14 drinks per week in men and women, respectively), cholestatic diseases or rhabdomyolysis]. The outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at discharge and in-hospital mortality. Adverse outcome was defined as mRS score at discharge ≥ 2. Dependency at discharge was defined as mRS score between 2 to 5. RESULTS NAFLD was present in 7.7% of the study population. Patients with NAFLD had lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels than patients without NAFLD (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Demographic data, the prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of established CVD did not differ between the two groups. At admission, the NIHSS score did not differ between patients with and without NAFLD (6.3 ± 6.4 and 8.8 ± 9.6, respectively; P = NS). At discharge, the mRS score did not differ between the two groups (1.9 ± 2.2 and 2.6 ± 2.2 in patients with and without NAFLD, respectively; P = NS). Rates of dependency at discharge were also similar in patients with and without NAFLD (36.8% and 55.0%, respectively; P = NS) as were the rates of adverse outcome (42.9% and 58.6%, respectively; P = NS). In-hospital mortality rates also did not differ between the 2 groups (8.0% and 7.0% in patients with and without NAFLD, respectively; P = NS). CONCLUSION The presence of NAFLD in patients admitted for acute ischemic stroke does not appear to be associated with more severe stroke or with worse in-hospital outcome.

Predictive value of the ankle brachial index in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is frequently present in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, there are limited data regarding the association between ankle brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.90 (which is diagnostic of PAD) or > 1.40 (suggesting calcified arteries) and the severity of stroke and in-hospital outcome in this population. We aimed to evaluate these associations in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively studied 342 consecutive patients admitted for acute ischemic stroke (37.4 % males, mean age 78.8 ± 6.4 years). The severity of stroke was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)and the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at admission. The outcome was assessed with the mRS and dependency (mRS 2 - 5) at discharge and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS An ABI ≤ 0.90 was present in 24.6 % of the patients whereas 68.1 % had ABI 0.91 - 1.40 and 7.3 % had ABI > 1.40. At admission, the NIHSS score did not differ between the 3 groups (10.4 ± 10.6, 8.3 ± 9.3 and 9.3 ± 9.4, respectively). The mRS score was also comparable in the 3 groups (3.6 ± 1.7, 3.1 ± 1.8 and 3.5 ± 2.3, respectively). At discharge, the mRS score did not differ between the 3 groups (2.9 ± 2.2, 2.3 ± 2.1 and 2.7 ± 2.5, respectively) and dependency rates were also comparable (59.5, 47.6 and 53.3 %, respectively). In-hospital mortality was almost two-times higher in patients with ABI ≤ 0.90 than in patients with ABI 0.91 - 1.40 or > 1.40 but this difference was not significant (10.9, 6.6 and 6.3 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS An ABI ≤ 0.90 or > 1.40 does not appear to be associated with more severe stroke or worse in-hospital outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Effect of Prior Treatment with Different Statins on Stroke Severity and Functional Outcome at Discharge in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Previous studies have suggested that prior treatment with statins is associated with improved outcome of acute ischemic stroke (IS) (1,2). However, there are no studies comparing the effects of different statins on IS outcome. We evaluated the effects of prior treatment with statins in 378 consecutive patients (age 78·8 ± 6·5 years) admitted for IS. Overall, 110 patients (29·1%) were taking a statin before admission. At admission, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score did not differ between patients who were on a statin and those who were not (8·5 ± 9·5 and 9·1 ± 9·7, respectively; P = NS). The modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at discharge was lower in patients who were on a statin than in those who were not (2·2 ± 2·2 and 2·8 ± 2·2, respectively; P = 0·020). Adverse outcome (mRS at discharge ≥2) was less frequent in patients who were on a statin (46·5 vs. 64·5% in those who were not; P = 0·003). In binary logistic regression analysis, predictors of adverse outcome were older age, current smoking, history of stroke, and higher NIHSS score at admission, whereas prior treatment with statins was associated with favorable outcome (Table 1). When the type of statin was entered in the multivariate model, prior treatment with simvastatin (n = 46, median dose 20 mg/day) was associated with a favorable outcome [odds ratio (OR) 0·21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·06–0·69, P = 0·011], whereas prior treatment with atorvastatin (n = 45, median dose 20 mg/day) (OR 0·94, 95% CI 0·29–3·01, P = NS) or with all other statins combined (rosuvastatin, pravastatin, or fluvastatin, n = 11, 7, and 1, respectively) (OR 0·19, 95% CI 0·03–1·36, P = NS) was not. In conclusion, treatment with simvastatin prior to stroke appears to be more beneficial than prior treatment with atorvastatin. Given the smaller lipidlowering potency of simvastatin compared with the same dose of atorvastatin (3), lipid-lowering-independent neuroprotective effects might explain the better outcome observed in simvastatin-treated patients (4,5).