Vasudha Dalmia

Writing in English

R. K. Narayan (1906–2001), the great stalwart of Indian English fiction, wrote over a dozen novels set in the mytho-poetic town of Malgudi; one of them, The Vendor of Sweets (1967), is a prescient parable for Indian writing in English. The novel is about the generation gap between a father and son, one that hinges on the differences of living in a new way as opposed to a more established one. Narayans works are known for their subtle humour, and in this novel, it comes in the form of a story-writing machine that a young man, Mali, brings back to India after having gone to America to study creative writing. Before Mali leaves for America, his father, Jagan, questions why he has to go there to learn the art of fiction in the first place. Jagan complains to a sympathetic cousin: ‘Going there to learn storytelling! He should rather go to a village granny’; and then he asks, ‘Did Valmiki go to America or Germany in order to learn to write his Ramayana ?’ Here, Narayan captures the tension between two sorts of fabrications – modernity and tradition – as he invariably pits the allure of the foreign against seemingly stable home truths. But this easy East–West opposition gets much more interesting and funnier when Mali returns to Malgudi not as a writer, but as a businessman looking for investors to produce and sell an indigenous version of an American storytelling machine.

Vernacular histories in late nineteenth-century Banaras: Folklore, PurÄ nas and the new antiquarianism

As even a cursory glance at the vast amount of periodical and pamphlet literature of the second half of the nineteenth century would confirm, all new literary endeavours in modem Hindi were shot through with an urgent sense of history. Not only were the claims to antiquity and to nationhood staked historically, but also all spheres of social activity, and here I include literature, were fast acquiring ’history’. The authors of each literary genre, newly created or assimilated, sought to prove their linear descent and legitimacy by establishing links with ancient texts. The most obvious