Vicente Paulo Soares

O desafio da delimitação de áreas de preservação permanente

The demarcation of permanent preservation areas is a complex process, jeopardizing both the surveillance tasks and law enforcement. This paper presents a GIS-based alternative to the traditional labor-intensive approach - manual features extraction using paper maps and photogrammetry techniques. The methodology relies on the new recent concept of hydrologically correct digital elevation models and has as principal advantages the consistency and reproducibility of the results, besides savings on both time and labor. Considering the recent availability by NASA of SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data on a continental scale, the results clearly show that, from now on, the enforcement of the Forest Code in Brazil is just a matter of political willingness.

Diagnóstico ambiental no contexto da paisagem de fragmentos florestais naturais "ipucas" no município de Lagoa da Confusão, Tocantins

RESUMO - Este estudo foi conduzido em uma area localizada no municipio de Lagoa da Confusao, Estado do Tocantins, com os objetivos de diagnosticar fragmentos florestais naturais, denominados regionalmente de “ipucas”, e mapear as diferentes feicoes fisionomicas e o uso antropico da area. Para realizacao deste estudo utilizou-se um sistema de informacoes geograficas, IDRISI 2.0. O principal resultado obtido foi o historico de perturbacao que se intensificou a partir da criacao do Estado do Tocantins e da implantacao do Projeto Rio Formoso para o cultivo de arroz irrigado; em relacao a classificacao fisionomica e ao uso antropico foram individualizadas 73 “ipucas”. A partir das variaveis consideradas verificou-se que, em relacao a area, 56,16% dos fragmentos possuem areas de ate 5,00 ha e apenas quatro apresentaram areas superiores a 100,00 ha. Aproximadamente 50% destas possuem formas alongadas, o que indica alta relacao perimetro/area. Apenas tres “ipucas” apresentaram indice de circularidade (C) proximo de 1. Foram identificadas oito feicoes circunvizinhas as “ipucas”. Destas, cinco sao ambientes naturais (varjao-sujo, varjao-limpo, pastagem natural, corpos d’agua e afloramento rochoso) e as demais resultantes de acoes antropicas (area agricola, pastagem plantada e rede viaria).

Identificação de conflito de uso da terra em áreas de preservação permanente no entorno do parque nacional do Caparaó, Estado de Minas Gerais

The objective of this work was to prepare a map of land use based on the IKONOS II sattelite images, to automatically determine the permanent preservation areas and to identify the occurrence of use conflicts, using as legal reference the Forest Code and the no 303 Resolution of the CONAMA. The research was developed around the Caparao National Park, in lands of the municipalities of Alto Jequitiba, Alto Caparao, Caparao and Espera Feliz, all of them located in the State of Minas Gerais. Using the resources available in the geographic processing, it was possible to map 8 classes of land use and to delimitate the permanent preservation areas located in regions above 1,800 meters of altitude (8.42 ha), the third upper part the hills (18.67 ha); an hillsides with slopes above 45 degrees (92.96 ha); water course margins with width below 10 meters (3,957.19 ha); and the upper third part the sub basins totalizing 12,098.22 ha (48.06%) of the basin total area. The area of improper use corresponds to 8,922.91 ha (45.49 %), being the classes coffee crop (5,183.43 ha) and clear pasture (3,650.74 ha) the main occurrences in these areas. Only 2,160.69 ha (18.40 %) of the permanent preservation areas are protected by natural vegetation.

Mapeamento dos fragmentos de vegetação florestal nativa da bacia hidrográfica do rio Alegre, Espírito Santo, a partir de imagens do satélite IKONOS II

The main objective of this study was to create land use and diagnosis maps, at landscape level, of the native forest fragmentation through visual classification using IKONOS II data. The study was conducted in the river Alegre watershed, situated in the south region of State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Twelve land use classes were mapped, pointing out 475 forest fragments. The classes of coffee plantation (2,086.2 ha), pasture (14,130.1 ha) and forest fragmentation (2,978.9 ha) occupied 92.16% (19,195.2 ha) of the total study area, which was about 20,819.8 ha. The majority of the forest fragments presented strongly elongated shapes, with an average of 6.3 ha. It was also noticed that most of them presented a high level of disturbance, with 452 and 166 forest fragments neighboring the pasture and coffee plantation classes, respectively.

Estruturação topológica de grandes bases de dados de bacias hidrográficas

The present work aims to present and to evaluate a method for topologically structuring large databases, implemented as a set of AML routines for ArcINFO workstation named Hidrodata. The results proved that the processing time for delineating drainage areas and extracting their morphometric characteristics was kept low and constant. The use of a topologically structured database resulted in a lower demand of processing capacity. It was concluded that the presented approach can be applied for any watershed, independently of its size, even with the use of less-sophisticated computers.

Análise espacial da distribuição de cigarras (Quesada gigas Oliver) em povoamentos de paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) na região de Dom Eliseu, PA

RESUMO n O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, atravOs da anAElise espacial de dados geogrAEficos, a precisao de procedimentos de mapeamento das populaAies de cigarras (Quesada gigas Oliver) em povoamentos de paricAE (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke), localizados no MunicIpio de Dom Eliseu, PA, mediante a aplicaAao de dois interpoladores (krigagem e inverso do quadrado da dist‚ncia). Para tal, foram registradas amostras na intensidade de um ponto a cada 30 ha, onde se realizou a contagem do nœmero de cigarras por planta (cigarras/AErvore), obedecendo ‡ estratOgia de amostragem convencionalmente usada pela empresa proprietAEria do reflorestamento em estudo. As anAElises indicaram que a intensidade amostral empregada neste trabalho nao foi suficiente para permitir a detecAao de forte dependŒncia espacial do nœmero de cigarras/AErvore nas AEreas estudadas. Devido a essa baixa dependŒncia espacial, os resultados dos dois mOtodos de interpolaAao (krigagem ordinAEria e inverso do quadrado da dist‚ncia) apresentaram-se semelhantes. JAE os deste trabalho indicaram que as estratOgias de amostragem utilizadas devem ser melhoradas para gerar mapas de prediAao mais precisos da quantidade de cigarras/AErvore nos reflorestamentos de paricAE. ABSTRACT n The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of buzzers (Quesada gigas Oliver) in Parica (Schizlobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) stands using spatial geographic data analysis, in Dom Eliseu, Para, Brazil, based on the application of two interpolators (kriging and distance square inverse).Thus, points were set up in a density of one point for every 30 hectares, with one tree sampled per point, obeying the sample strategy conventionally used by the company which owns the reforestation stand under study. The analysis indicated that the sampling intensity utilized in this work was not sufficient to allow a strong spatial dependence of the number of buzzers/tree in the study area. Due to this low spatial dependence, the results of both interpolation methods (ordinary kriging and distance square inverse) were similar. The results of this work indicate that the sampling strategies must be improved to generate better and more precise buzzer/tree prediction maps for the Parica reforestation stand.

Comparação entre procedimentos de amostragem para espécies florestais raras e padrão de distribuição espacial agregado

The objective of this work was to evaluate the procedure adaptive sampling procedure used in forest inventories for species with low population density and aggregated spatial distribution pattern, in relation to procedures normally used in forest inventories. Thus, a population was simulated in a 90 ha forest, subdivided into 100 units (N = 100) with areas of 9,000 m² each, presenting 44 individuals of a given species, and submitted to three sampling procedures: simple random sampling; systematic sampling and adaptive cluster sampling, with initial samples selected through simple random sampling and systematic sampling. After analyses, it was verified that the systematic sampling was the best procedure to estimate the total number of individuals of the studied species. Besides, it was observed the need of further investigation on the effect of the size and form of plots, the aggregation scale and size of the population, and their combinations, on the efficiency of the estimators of the adaptive cluster sampling.

Estimativa dos componentes do balanço de energia e da evapotranspiração em plantios de eucalipto utilizando o algoritmo sebal e imagem landsat 5 - TM

Variaveis climaticas sao essenciais para a compreensao das condicoes ambientais que influenciam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento vegetal. Nos ultimos anos, as pesquisas que utilizam dados climaticos e tecnicas de sensoriamento remoto em analises espaco-temporais da demanda por agua e energia das plantas tem-se intensificado. O SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) e um dos algoritmos mais destacados em estudos que envolvem estimativas dos fluxos de energia em grandes areas, e pode ser aplicado com poucas medicoes de campo. Este trabalho, realizado no Municipio de Santa Barbara, Minas Gerais, objetivou estimar os componentes do balanco de energia e, por conseguinte, a evapotranspiracao em plantios de eucalipto com aplicacao do algoritmo SEBAL e de imagem do sensor TM do satelite Landsat 5. As estimativas foram realizadas para cena do dia 20/06/2003. Considerando apenas as areas referentes aos plantios de eucalipto (sete anos de idade), foram obtidos valores medios de saldo de radiacao (Rn), fluxo de calor no solo (G), fluxo de calor sensivel (H), fluxo de calor latente (LE) de 420,12 W m-2, 81,80 W m-2, 149,93 W m-2, 188,39 W m-2, respectivamente. Para a evapotranspiracao real horaria (ETrh), o valor medio obtido foi de 0,28 mm h-1. As estimativas mostraram-se condizentes com dados da literatura, no entanto pesquisas com maior controle experimental devem ser realizadas.

Dinâmica da cobertura vegetal (1980-2004) em um projeto de produção florestal, nos municípios de Bugre e Ibapa, MG

The main goal of this work was to analyze the dynamics of landscape structure in a Forest Production Project from 1980 to 2004,focusing on the changes in landscape after the implementation of eucalyptus stands. The study area corresponded to the limits of the Macedonia forest project, located in Bugre and Ipaba, in eastern Minas Gerais. The 1980 land use mapping was achieved through visual interpretation of a mosaic of air photographs. For the 2004 land use mapping, a multispectral image from the Quickbirb satellite was used. The quantitative characterization of landscape structure was described by using the landscape ecology indices. The eucalyptus plantations were confirmed to be implemented in tree-pasture areas (45.2%) and in open pasture (46.9%). These two classes presented the greatest alteration in use, giving place especially to native forests (15.6%). It was also confirmed that out of the 938.6 ha of the native forests existing in 1980, 846.42 ha did not suffer any alteration. The connection between the forest reserves also decreased from 165.04m of minimum average distance between them in 1980 to 15.86m in 2004. The integrated management of the property changed the structure of landscape positively,also altering the predominant use aimed to wood production, and biodiversity preservation and conservation..

Itaipu royalties: The role of the hydroelectric sector in water resource management

For countries dependent on hydroelectricity, water scarcity poses a real risk. Hydroelectric plants are among the most vulnerable enterprises to climate change. Investing in the conservation of the hydrographic basin is a solution found by the hydropower sector. Given the importance of the Itaipu plant to the energy matrix of Brazil and Paraguay, the aim of this study is to review the current distribution of royalties from Itaipu, using the hydrographic basin as a of criterion of analysis. Approximately 98.73% of the Itaipu basin is in Brazil. The flow contributes 99% of the total electricity generated there, while the drop height of the water contributes only 1%. Under the current policy, royalties are shared equally between Brazil and Paraguay. In the proposed approach, each country would receive a percentage for their participation in the drop height and water flow in the output of the turbines, which are intrinsic factors for electricity generation. Thus, Brazil would receive 98.35% of the royalties and Paraguay, 1.65%. The inclusion of the hydrographic basin as a criterion for the distribution of royalties will promote more efficient water resource management, since the payment will be distributed throughout the basin of the plant. The methodology can be applied to hydroelectric projects worldwide.