Victor E. C. Ortuño

A Global Look at Time: A 24-Country Study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.

Portuguese Validation of the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale

The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-S) is a measure of the extent to which individuals reflect and are influenced by the immediate as well as by the distant outcomes of current behavior. Its composed by 12 items, grouped into two subscales (future and immediate). This study aims to explore the factor structure, psychometric properties and construct validity of the Portuguese version of the CFC-S in 5 samples, composed by 527 participants with ages between 13 and 71. A 2 factor structure has been found through Confirmatory Factor Analysis among several tested models. Item 5 has been eliminated in order to achieve better fit indices (χ2 df = 3.88, CFI = .90, GFI = .95, RMSEA = .07) and improve internal consistency. Both CFC subscales presented strong correlations with several psychological phenomena (Sensation Seeking, Self-Esteem, Temporal Extension and Time Perspective) and main effects among groups of age and criminal record (for CFC-I, p < .001, for CFC-F, p < .001). These results allow us to support CFC as an efficient psychological evaluation instrument and as an important metric for individual differences in the study of temporal orientation.

ADAPTACIÓN Y VALIDACIÓN INICIAL AL CASTELLANO DE LA ESCALA DE CONSIDERACIÓN DE LAS CONSECUENCIAS FUTURAS

espanolEste estudio tuvo como objetivo la adaptacion al espanol de la Escala de Consideracion de las Consecuencias Futuras de Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, (1994). Para ello se examino a una muestra compuesta por 184 estudiantes universitarios quienes cumplimentaron dicho instrumento y el Inventario de Personalidad de los Cinco Grandes. Los resultados mostraron que la escala posee buenas propiedades psicometricas para ser utilizada con fines de investigacion. El analisis factorial confirmatorio mostro que se replica la estructura de dos factores compuesta por una subescala de Futuro y otra de Inmediatez. Se aprecian tambien que los hombres puntuan mas alto que las mujeres en la sub-escala CFC-I y se revela que el item 5 no es adecuado para la version en castellano. Finalmente se presentan las limitaciones y lineas futuras de investigacion. EnglishThis paper objective was to test the validity of a Spanish version of Strathman et al. (1994) Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-S). A sample of 184 university students completed the CFC-S scale and the Big Five Personality Inventory. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the scale replicates the bi-factorial structure of the English version, with a Future and an Immediate subscale. Overall, results showed that the CFC Scale has acceptable psychometric properties. Additionally, men scored higher than women on the CFC-I subscale and the item 5 is not adequate in this Spanish version. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Um Novo Modelo Multidimensional d a Perspetiva Temporal

EnglishTime Perspective is a cognitive - motivational dimension. Currently, Zimbardo & Boyd s (1999) model is one of the most cited, still, it doesn t consider the influence of future negative temporality, which is referred by Lewin (1965) as fundamental for human understanding. This study has three objectives, to determine i) Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and ii) Transcendental - Future Time Perspective Scale (TFTPS) factor structures through Structural Equation Modeling and iii) to establish a new multi dimensional model which includes the negative future dimension. Results with both instruments showed a structure coherently aligned with current theory, suggesting a new model formed by seven temporal dimensions. portuguesA Perspetiva Temporal e uma dimensao cognitivo - motivacional. Um dos modelos com maior difusao na atualidade e apresentado por Zimbardo e Boyd (1999) . Contudo, e importante referir que este modelo nao considera a influencia da temporalidade futura negativa, apesar de esta ser referida como fundamental por Lewin (1965) . Sao tres os objetivos deste estudo: determinar a estrutura fatorial i) do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), ii) da Transcendental - Future T ime Perspective Scale (TFTPS) atraves de Modelacao de Equacoes Estruturais e iii) apresentar um novo modelo multidimensional no qual seja considerada a dimensao negativa da temporalidade futura. Os resultados com ambos os instrumentos foram coerentes com a teoria estabelecida, assim como tambem permitem sugerir um novo modelo formado por sete dimensoes temporais.

International studies in time perspective

The current study presents research on future time ambiguity and its relation with personality characteristics. Ambiguity of future was traditionally considered to be a stressful factor. Our study revealed that with concern to ambiguity, respondents could be divided into 3 groups: (1) those having a clear idea of their future; (2) those having no idea of the future; (3) those whose attitude is perceiving the future as ambiguous. The sample was initially divided into two: young adults (aged 17-20, n=60), older adults (aged 45-60, n=187). Different content of the future in these 3 groups was revealed. An analysis of personal characteristics and coping strategies revealed that the fi rst and third groups, though using different mechanisms, show quite constructive and adaptive strategies of behavior, while the less adaptive group appeared to be the second. Lifespan analysis showed that though in both age samples the fi rst and third groups are most adaptive, they are still using different mechanisms. Results showed that ambiguity remains quite an underdeveloped construct, which considers positive and negative components, among which ambiguity as unclearness of future time plays more of a negative role, and the conceptual attitude to the future as unidentifi ed and undetermined has a positive effect.