Victor Piché

L'insertion économique des nouveaux immigrants dans le marché du travail à Montréal : une approche longitudinale

L’insertion economique des immigrants est le plus souvent etudiee avec des donnees transversales (recensements et enquetes). Ici, nous analysons le processus d’insertion des immigrants dans le marche du travail a partir d’une enquete longitudinale realisee a Montreal aupres d’une cohorte d’immigrants arrives au Quebec en 1989. L’hypothese centrale de notre recherche est que l’origine nationale des immigrants joue un role discriminant dans l’insertion economique, definie ici par l’acces au premier emploi et le nombre de semaines travaillees pendant les 18 premiers mois apres l’arrivee. Une fois prises en compte les variables sociodemographiques et de capital humain, les resultats indiquent que les immigrants provenant des pays en developpement et ceux de l’Europe de l’Est ont plus de difficultes que ceux provenant des Etats-Unis, de la France et du reste de l’Europe a s’inserer dans le marche du travail.

Estimates of vital rates for the Canadian Indians, 1960–1970

The present paper is an attempt to evaluate the registered data on Canadian Indians collected by the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and to prepare vital rates for 1960–1970 using the adjusted data. A cursory examination of registered data for the purpose of developing various demographic indices and for making future estimates of population indicates certain anomalies that call for a careful appraisal of the data. The main problem is the inconsistency in the reporting of births, due largely to the late registration of births. One plausible reason for late registration may be the increased outward movement of Indians from their reserves. Indirect methods are used to adjust the number of births and infant deaths reported annually since 1960.On the basis of the adjusted data, vital rates for the Canadian Indians are calculated for the period 1960–1970. The crude death rate decreased from 10.9 in 1960 to 7.5 in 1970. The infant mortality rate registered a drastic decline, from 81.5 deaths per 1,000 births in 1960 to 34.9 in 1970. During this same time period the birth rate also declined, from 46.5 to 37.2.

Economic Integration of New Immigrants in the Montreal Labor Market: A Longitudinal Approach

Abstract The economic integration of immigrants is most frequently studied with cross-sectional data (censuses and surveys). Here we analyse the process of integration of immigrants into the labour market, using a longitudinal survey carried out in Montreal with a cohort of immigrants who arrived in Quebec in 1989. The central hypothesis of our research is that the national origin plays an important role in the immigrant’s economic integration, defined here by access to a first job and the capacity to remain employed in the labour market (i.e., number of weeks worked) during the first 18 months after arrival. The results indicate that once socio-demographic and human capital variables are taken into account, immigrants from developing countries and from Eastern Europe have greater difficulties than those from the United States, France and the rest of Europe in becoming integrated into the labour market.

Inequality and Mortality: Demographic Hypotheses regarding Advanced and Peripheral Capitalism

This paper analyzes mortality differences between social classes and between advanced and peripheral regions of the world economy. The demographic analysis of mortality is integrated with the study of political economy, which emphasizes the entire process of social reproduction. As part of this dialectic model, both the struggle of the working class to improve health and the interest of capital in maximizing profits are examined. Data from Quebec and Upper Volta are used to illustrate the hypothesis that substantially higher mortality rates exist for the working class compared with the bourgeoisie and in the less developed peripheral regions compared with the more developed regions.

Towards a Reconsideration of Female Migration Patterns in Burkina Faso

This study focuses on changes in female migration patterns during the last fifty years in Burkina Faso. We examine migration paths and reasons for moving between ages 12 and 25 for women of rural origin using event history data drawn from the Migration Dynamics, Urban Integration and Environment in Burkina Faso National Survey conducted in 2000. The results show that female migration patterns are changing in a subtle and complex way. Women are emigrating more out of rural areas and experiencing increased multiple move trajectories. Motives are also less-family driven and more related to education and labour market considerations.

Les migrants face au sida: entre gestion des risques et contrôle social. L'exemple de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal

Meme si de nombreux travaux ont deja mis en evidence l’existence d’une relation entre mobilite et sida, les mecanismes complexes sous-jacents a cette relation demeurent aujourd’hui mal connus. L’etude presentee ici s’appuie sur une enquete realisee en 2000 dans la vallee du fleuve Senegal ; elle examine explicitement le lien entre migration et comportements sexuels a risque en milieu de retour (risque de diffusion) en utilisant un cadre conceptuel qui tient compte : 1) de divers types de mobilite, 2) de contextes sociaux differents et 3) des non-migrants. Le niveau macrosocial est ici represente par le choix de deux zones de la vallee du fleuve Senegal fortement contrastees sur les plans de la mobilite et des contextes socio-economiques. De facon globale, les analyses montrent que l’ effet net de l’ experience migratoire est significatif dans certains contextes sociaux et selon la position sociale des migrants dans le milieu de retour. Les migrants internationaux echappent au risque social de stigmatisation en optant pour la fidelite, tandis que les migrants internes reduisent les risques d’infection par un usage frequent du preservatif. L’influence plutot inhibitrice de la migration sur les pratiques sexuelles a risque en milieu de retour pourrait expliquer la situation favorable du Senegal ou l’ epidemie du sida est moderee et relativement stable, comparativement a la plupart des pays de la region. Les actions d’information et d’education doivent tenir compte du contexte social en favorisant a la fois des comportements responsables chez les individus et des reponses communautaires tournees vers une protection solidaire.

La mobilisation de la main-d'oeuvre burkinabé, 1900–1974: Une vision retrospective

AbstractThe history of Burkinabe migration since 1900 has been reconstructed mainly from colonial administration documents. This article endeavours to recreate that history from retrospective infor...

The politics of numbers: Quebec’s historical struggle with ethnic and linguistic categories*

ABSTRACT The production of indicators is intimately linked to the political context and therefore meets a social demand based on historical issues. Quebec is no exception. The use of official ethnic and linguistic categories has evolved from a purely ethnic perspective based on ethnic ancestry aimed at assessing the demographic balance between French and English (1860–1960) to linguistic categories with a strong ethnic content defined by mother tongue and language spoken at home (1960–1990). In the more recent period (since the 1990s), the official linguistic policy in an increasing diversified population aimed at favouring the use of French as the common language in the public sphere. Clearly, mother tongue and language spoken at home do not meet the public sphere criteria. My main argument here is that language monitoring today should be a policy-related issue and therefore aimed at measuring the evolution of the French language in the public sphere.

The Making of Racial and Ethnic Categories: Official Statistics Reconsidered

One of the most striking features of the end of the twentieth century was the resurgence of the ethnic question in public debates, both in developing and in developed countries. Between conflicts and wars interpreted from an ethnic perspective (the Balkans and central Africa), nationalist struggles (the Basque country, Quebec and Belgium), and demands for recognition and political representation by new ethnic minorities resulting from immigration, every country is currently affected by what is commonly known as cultural pluralism (Hobsbawm 1993; Dieckhoff 2000; Faist 2009; Simon and Piche 2013). This ‘ethnic renewal’, to coin the expression used to qualify the growing interest for ethnic diversity in the 1960s in the US, is not only driven by a sort of obsession for cultural differences as an explanation for all kinds of social and political phenomenon. It derives from different legacies: from the increasing diversity of the population of countries that have undergone large immigration flows to the long lasting cohabitation of national minorities within modern Nation states, from the history of slavery to the post-colonial era. This resurgence or extension of the salience of ethnicity in most of the societies around the world can be found not only in public discourses, policy-making, scientific literature and popular representations, but also in the pivotal realm of statistics. Indeed, at the turn of century, an increasing number of countries are processing routinely data on ethnicity or race of their population. This is precisely what this book is about: ethnic and racial classifications in official statistics, as a reflection of the representations of population and an interpretation of social dynamics through different lenses.

Migrants and Proletarians

First, the importance of the transformation of agriculture as a cause of migration must be stressed. The plantations set up by colonizers in certain regions of Africa required a substantial labour force and since this was not always locally available immigration was necessary. During the colonial period, and especially before the 1950s, this movement of population was often brought about by force. Commercial peasant agriculture was another important element in the colonial transformation of agriculture and also led to migration. With the advent of individual cash incomes, socio-economic inequality was created and some peasants were able to extend their land while those at the bottom of the ladder were dispossessed of theirs; at the same time peasants who had been successful in acquiring more land, hired agricultural labourers.