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Annals of Human Biology | 2005

Short-term pharmacologically induced growth study of ontogenetic allometry of oxygen uptake in children.

G. Balasekaran; Robert J. Robertson; Fredric L. Goss; Chittiwat Suprasongsin; Kapriel Danadian; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Silva Arslanian

Background: A range of allometric coefficients have been proposed in describing the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): body mass relation in children using weight-bearing ergometry. However, a wide deviation in the allometric coefficients for VO2max may be apparent when selected pediatric cohorts are studied in conjunction with clinical intervention for growth abnormalities. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the allometric coefficients for VO2max after short-term pharmacologically induced growth in pre- and early pubescent children. Subjects and methods: The treatment group consisted of nine subjects with non-growth hormone (GH)-deficient short stature and one with GH-deficient short stature (mean age: 13.7 ± 1.7 years). Ten pre- and early pubescent children matched for age, height, weight, VO2max and body mass index (BMI) were controls. The treatment group were evaluated before (Pre-GH) and after (Post-GH) 4 months of subcutaneous GH therapy (0.05 mg kg−1day−1 × 6 days week−1). Results: The mean ontogenetic coefficient for the treatment group was 1.50 ± 0.20 and for the control group was 0.77 ± 0.34. The mean allometric coefficient for body mass relative to VO2max was significantly higher in the treatment group compared with the control group (p<0.05). Height, weight, fat free mass (FFM), VO2max indexed to body mass (mL kg−1 min−1) and FFM (mL kgFFM−1 min−1) increased (p<0.05) with GH therapy. GH therapy also increased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and served as a biochemical marker of GH therapy (p<0.05). The control group had no significant differences in all the variables tested (p<0.05). Conclusion: The scaling for oxygen uptake (VO2) for body mass varies with GH treatment and the increase in VO2max that commonly occurs in conjunction with physical growth in the pre-and early pubescent individual may be linked to an increase in FFM and linear size. Résumé. Arrière plan: Une gamme de coefficients d’allométrie a été proposée pour décrire la relation entre consommation d’énergie maximum (VO2max) et masse corporelle, chez des enfants examinés par ergométrie avec charge pondérale. On observe cependant qu’une large déviation des coefficients d’allométrie pour le VO2max peut apparaître lorsque des cohortes pédiatriques sont étudiées pour les anomalies de la croissance, en conjonction avec une intervention clinique. But: Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les coefficients d’allométrie pour le VO2max à la suite d’une courte poussée de croissance induite par pharmacologie chez des enfants prépubères ou de puberté récente. Sujets et méthodes: Le groupe sous traitement consiste en neuf sujets de stature courte sans déficience d’hormone de croissance (HC) et d’un sujet de stature courte suite suite à une déficience de l’hormone de croissance (âge moyen : 13,7 ± 1,7 ans). On a pris comme contrôles, dix enfants prépubères et de puberté récente appariés pour l’âge, la stature, le poids, le VO2max et l’IMC. Le groupe en traitement a été évalué avant (Pré-HC) et après (post-HC) quatre mois d’injections d’HC sous cutanée (0,05 mg kg−1 jour−1 × 6 jours semaine−1). Résultats: Le coefficient ontogénique moyen pour le groupe sous traitement est de 1,50 ± 0,20 et pour le groupe de contrôle 0,77 ± 0,34. Le coefficient allométrique moyen pour la masse corporelle en rapport avec VO2max est significativement plus élevé dans le groupe traité que dans le groupe contrôle (p<0,05). La stature, le poids, la masse maigre, le VO2max rapporté à la masse corporelle (mL kg−1 min−1) et à la masse maigre (mL kg−1 min−1) s’accroissent avec la thérapie par HC (p < 0,05). La thérapie HC accroît également le facteur I de croissance insulino mimétique, lequel sert de marqueur biochimique de la thérapie HC (p < 0,05). Le groupe de contrôle ne présente pas de différence significative pour toutes les variables examinées (p < 0,05). Conclusion: L’échelle de VO2 en fonction de la masse corporelle, varie avec les traitement par HC et l’augmentation en VO2max qui se produit en général en conjonction avec la croissance physique chez l’individu prépubère ou pubère récent, peut être liée à l’accroissement de la masse maigre et de la taille linéaire. Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Eine Vielzahl allometrischer Koeffizienten ist vorgeschlagen worden, um die Relation von maximaler Sauerstoffaufnahme (VO2max) zu Körpermasse im Kindesalter unter Verwendung von gewichtsbezogener Ergometrie zu beschreiben. Allerdings wird eine weite Abweichung allometrischer Koeffizienten für VO2max offensichtlich, wenn ausgewählte pädiatrische Stichproben in Verbindung mit klinischen Interventionen bei Wachstumsstörungen untersucht werden. Ziel: Sinn dieser Studie war die Bestimmung von allometrischen Koeffizienten für VO2max nach kurzzeitigem medikamenteninduzierten Wachstum bei präpubertären Kindern und Kindern in der frühen Pubertät. Probanden und Methoden: Die Behandlungsgruppe bestand aus neun Probanden mit nicht-wachstumshormonbedingtem Kleinwuchs und einem Patienten mit Kleinwuchs aufgrund eines Wachstumshormonmangels (mittleres Alter: 13,7 ± 1,7 Jahre). Die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus zehn gleichaltrigen präpubertären Kindern und Kindern in der frühen Pubertät von vergleichbarer Körperhöhe und vergleichbarem Gewicht, VO2max und BMI. Die Behandlungsgruppe wurde vor (prä-GH) und nach (post-GH) 4-monatiger subkutaner Wachstumshormontherapie (0,05 mg kg−1 Tage–1 × 6 Tage Woche−1) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Der mittlere ontogenetische Koeffizient für die Behandlungsgruppe war 1,50 ± 0,20 und für die Kontrollgrupp.,77 ± 0,34. Der mittlere allometrische Koeffizient für Körpermasse relativ zu VO2max war in der Behandlungsgruppe signifikant höher als in der Kontrollgruppe (p < 0,05). Körperhöhe, Gewicht, fettfreie Masse (FFM), VO2max in Bezug zu Körpermasse (mL kg−1 min−1) und FFM (mL kg FFM−1 min−1) stiegen mit Wachstumshormontherapie (p < 0,05). Die Wachstumshormontherapie führte auch zu einem Anstieg des Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) und diente als biochemischer Marker der Wachstumshormontherapie (p < 0,05). Die Kontrollgruppe zeigte keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei den getesteten Variablen (p < 0,05). Zusammenfassung: Die Anpassung von VO2 an Körpermasse variiert mit der Wachstumshormontherapie, und der Anstieg von VO2max, der üblicherweise in Verbindung mit körperlichem Wachstum vor und zu Beginn der Pubertät auftritt, könnte mit einer Vermehrung von FFM und Körperlänge verknüpft sein. Resumen. Antecedentes: Se ha propuesto un rango de coeficientes alométricos para describir la relación entre el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) y la masa corporal en niños, utilizando la prueba de esfuerzo (ergometría “weight-bearing”). Sin embargo, puede ponerse de manifiesto una amplia desviación de los coeficientes alométricos para el VO2max cuando se estudian las cohortes pediátricas seleccionadas junto con la intervención clínica para las anomalías del crecimiento. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los coeficientes alométricos para el VO2max tras un crecimiento a corto plazo inducido farmacológicamente en niños pre-puberales y con pubertad temprana. Sujetos y métodos: El grupo de tratamiento consistió en nueve individuos con baja estatura no deficientes de hormona de crecimiento (GH) y uno con baja estatura y deficiente para la GH (edad media: 13,7 ± 1,7 años). Diez niños pre-puberales y con pubertad temprana de la misma edad, estatura, peso, VO2max e IMC fueron los controles. El grupo de tratamiento fue evaluado antes (Pre-GH) y después (Post-GH) de 4 meses de terapia subcutánea con GH (0,05 mg kg−1 día–1 × 6 días por semana−1). Resultados: El coeficientes ontogénico medio para el grupo de tratamiento fue de 1,50 ± 0,20 y para el grupo de control de 0,77 ± 0,34. El coeficiente alométrico medio para la masa corporal respecto al VO2max fue significativamente mayor en el grupo que recibía tratamiento que en el grupo control (p < 0,05). La estatura, el peso, la masa libre de grasa (FFM), el VO2max indexado para la masa corporal (mL kg−1 min−1) y la FFM (mL kg FFM−1 min−1) aumentaban (p < 0,05) con la terapia con GH. Esta terapia también incrementaba el factor de crecimiento semejante a la insulina tipo I (IGF-I) y sirvió como un marcador bioquímico de la terapia con GH (p < 0,05). El grupo de control no mostró diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables testadas (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la escala del VO2max para la masa corporal varía con el tratamiento con GH; el incremento en el VO2max que ocurre habitualmente junto con el crecimiento físico en los individuos pre-puberales y de pubertad temprana puede estar asociado con un incremento de la FFM y del tamaño lineal.


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2005

Omni Scale Perceived Exertion Responses In Obese And Normal Weight Male Adolescents During Cycle Exercise: 70 10:15 AM - 10:30 AM

Govindasamy Balasekaran; Loh Mun Keong; Koh Teik Hin; Cai Shu Juan; Robert J. Robertson; Justin Grantham; Melissa J. Mayo; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy

AIM The Childrens OMNI scale of perceived exertion (OMNI Scale) has been validated with children. However, the scales validity to assess exertional perceptions in obese (OB) adolescents has not been investigated. The aim of this paper was to validate and compare exertional perceptions using the OMNI Scale between OB and normal weight (NW) adolescent males. METHODS Eighteen OB and 23 NW adolescent males (age: 12-14) participated in a perceptual estimation paradigm with a load incremented cycle ergometer protocol. Heart rate (HR;beats·min-1), oxygen uptake (VO2 mL·min-1 and mL·kg-1·min-1) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for the overall body (RPE-O), legs (RPE-L), and chest (RPE-C) were determined at the end of each continuously administered 3-min power output stage as subjects cycled stage-wise incrementally to exhaustion beginning with 4 sub-maximal stages. RESULTS For OB, 17 completed 4 stages and 3 attained maximal stage 7. For NW, all 18 completed stage 5, and 8 reached maximal stage 7. RPE ranges (i.e. stage 1 to stage 7) for OB and NW were: Stage 1: RPE-O (1.0±1.6, 1.2±0.6), RPE-L (0.9±1.4, 0.9±0.8) and RPE-C (0.9±1.1, 0.9±0.7). Stage 7: RPE-O (7.3±2.3, 8.8±1.4), RPE-L (8.0±2.0, 8.8±1.4) and RPE-C (7.7±2.1, 7.6±3.0). Linear regression for all three RPEs correlated significantly (P<0.001) with HR and VO2 (0.61 to 0.79) for both cohorts. ANOVA indicated no differences between RPE-O and differentiated RPE (RPE-C and RPE-L) at each stage. The RPE responses between OB and NW adolescent males were analyzed by the Bland Altman plot, which indicated significant agreement (95% CI) between the two groups. CONCLUSION The OMNI Scale is valid for use with 12-14 year-old OB and NW adolescent males. The scale seems to be robust and RPE remained similar for the two cohorts with the same fat free mass but with different fat mass. Hence OMNI scale RPE seems to be able to reflect effort delivered by metabolically active muscle during cycle exercise.


American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 52nd Annual Meeting | 2005

Omni scale perceived exertion responses in obese and normal weight male adolescents during cycle exercise

Govindasamy Balasekaran; Loh Mun Keong; Koh Teik Hin; Cai Shu Juan; Robert J. Robertson; Justin Grantham; Melissa J. Mayo; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2015

Comparison of Cardiovascular Fitness with Lumbar and Lower Limb Flexibility and Body Composition among Adolescents in Singapore: 758 Board #154 May 27, 2

Ng Yew Cheo; Govindasamy Balasekaran; Stanley Sai-chuen Hui; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Dianna Thor; Tong Zhi Yi; Peggy Boey


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2015

Comparison Of Cardiovascular Fitness Between Students In Games-Concept And Skills-Based Approach In Physical Education Lessons: 226 Board #77 May 27, 11

Dianna Thor; Govindasamy Balasekaran; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Ng Yew Cheo; Ng Yu Jun Eliza; Peggy Boey; Stuart Tong; Raymond Loh; Nidhi Gupta


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2015

The Effects of the Consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages on Body Composition and Aerobic Fitness in Singapore Adolescents: 204 Board #55 May 27, 9

Tong Zhi Yi; Govindasamy Balasekaran; Stanley Sai-chuen Hui; Dianna Thor; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Peggy Boey; Ng Yew Cheo


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2015

Comparison of Handgrip Strength and Body Composition of Adolescents in Singapore Schools: 450 Board #301 May 27, 11

Peggy Boey; Govindasamy Balasekaran; Stanley Sai-chuen Hui; Dianna Thor; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Tong Zhi Yi; Ng Yew Cheo


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2015

Comparison of Running Energy Reserve Index (RERI) for Endurance and Sprint Trained Athletes with Hematological Measures: 3484 Board #245 May 30, 8

Govindasamy Balasekaran; Nidhi Gupta; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Dianna Thor


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2015

Comparison Of Running Energy Reserve Index Of Sprint, Endurance And Untrained Participants: 3480 Board #241 May 30, 8

Nidhi Gupta; Govindasamy Balasekaran; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy; Dianna Thor


Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 2008

Comparison of Skinfold Measurement and Bioelectric Impedance with Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry among Singaporean Chinese: 1686

Nidhi Gupta; Govindasamy Balasekaran; Chia Yong Hwa; Lim Meng Shun; Victor Visvasuresh Govindaswamy

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Govindasamy Balasekaran

Nanyang Technological University

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Nidhi Gupta

Nanyang Technological University

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Stanley Sai-chuen Hui

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

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G. Balasekaran

University of Pittsburgh

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