Fredric L. Goss

Concurrent validation of the OMNI perceived exertion scale for resistance exercise.

UNLABELLED The criterion variables were total weight lifted (Wttot ) determined separately for women and men during BC and KE, and blood lactic acid concentration ([Hla]) determined for a combined female ( N = 10) and male ( N = 10) subset during BC. Subjects performed three separate sets of 4, 8, and 12 repetitions for BC and KE at 65% one-repetition maximum. Rating of perceived exertion for the active muscles (RPE-AM) was measured during the mid and final repetition and RPE for the overall body (RPE-O) during the final repetition. : For both female and male groups across the three sets: (a) RPE-AM ranged from 3.6 to 8.2 for BC and 5.1 to 9.6 for KE and (b) RPE-O ranged from 2.4 to 6.7 for BC and 4.2 to 7.6 for KE. Positive linear regressions ranged from r = 0.79 to 0.91 ( P < 0.01) between Wttot and RPE-AM (mid), RPE-AM (final), and RPE-O for both BC and KE in both sex groupings. A positive ( P < 0.01) linear regression was found between [Hla] and RPE-AM (final) (r = 0.87) during BC. RPE did not differ between women and men at any measurement point within each set for BC and KE. RPE-AM (final) was greater ( P < 0.01) than RPE-O in the three sets of BC and KE. CONCLUSION Findings provided concurrent validation of the OMNI-RES to measure RPE for the active muscle and overall body in young recreationally trained female and male weight lifters performing upper- and lower-body resistance exercise.

Evaluation of the SenseWear Pro Armband to assess energy expenditure during exercise.

PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of the SenseWear Pro Armband for estimating energy expenditure during exercise. METHODS : Forty subjects (age = 23.2 +/- 3.8 yr; body mass index = 23.8 +/- 3.1 kg x m) performed four exercises (walking, cycling, stepping, arm ergometry) with each exercise lasting 20-30 min and workload increasing at 10-min intervals. Subjects wore the SenseWear Pro Armband on the right arm, and energy expenditure was estimated using proprietary equations developed by the manufacturer. Estimated energy expenditure from the SenseWear Pro Armband was compared with energy expenditure determined from indirect open-circuit calorimetry, which served as the criterion measure. RESULTS : When a generalized proprietary algorithm was applied to the data, the SenseWear Pro Armband significantly underestimated total energy expenditure by 14.9 +/- 17.5 kcal (6.9 +/- 8.5%) during walking exercise, 32.4 +/- 18.8 kcal (28.9 +/- 13.5%) during cycle ergometry, 28.2 +/- 20.3 kcal (17.7 +/- 11.8%) during stepping exercise, and overestimated total energy expenditure by 21.7 +/- 8.7 kcal (29.3 +/- 13.8%) during arm ergometer exercise (P < or = 0.001). At the request of the investigators, exercise-specific algorithms were developed by the manufacturer and applied to the data that resulted in nonsignificant differences in total energy expenditure between indirect calorimetry and the SenseWear Pro Armband of 4.6 +/- 18.1 kcal (2.8 +/- 9.4%), 0.3 +/- 11.3 kcal (0.9 +/- 10.7%), 2.5 +/- 18.3 kcal (0.9 +/- 11.9%), and 3.2 +/- 8.1 kcal (3.8 +/- 9.9%) for the walk, cycle ergometer, step, and arm ergometer exercises, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It appears that it is necessary to apply exercise-specific algorithms to the SenseWear Pro Armband to enhance the accuracy of estimating energy expenditure during periods of exercise. When exercise-specific algorithms are used, the SenseWear Pro Armband provides an accurate estimate of energy expenditure when compared to indirect calorimetry during exercise periods examined in this study.

The validity of regulating exercise intensity by ratings of perceived exertion.

DUNBAR, C. C., R. J. ROBERTSON, R. BAUN, M. F. BLANDIN, K. METZ, R. BURDETT, and F. L. GOSS. The validity of regulating exercise intensity by ratings of perceived exertion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 94–99, 1992. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the regulation of ex

Children's OMNI scale of perceived exertion: mixed gender and race validation.

PURPOSE The newly developed Childrens OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion (category range: 0 to 10) was validated using separate cohorts of female and male, African American and white subjects. Each of the four cohorts contained 20 clinically normal, nonobese children, 8-12 yr of age. METHODS A cross-sectional, perceptual estimation paradigm using a single multi-stage cycle ergometer test protocol was used. Oxygen uptake (VO2; mL x min(-1)), heart rate (HR; beats x min(-1)) and ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPE-Overall), legs (RPE-Legs), and chest (RPE-Chest) were determined at the end of each continuously administered 3-min power output (PO) (i.e., 25, 50, 75, and 100 W) test stage. RESULTS The range of responses over the four POs for all cohorts was VO2: 290.8 to 1204.0 mL x min(-1); HR: 89.2 to 164.4 beats x min(-1); and RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, and RPE-Chest: 0.85 to 9.1. First-order correlation and linear regression analyses were performed for each cohort separately and the total sample using a repeated measures paradigm over the four POs. For all correlation/regression paradigms RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, and RPE-Chest distributed as a positive linear function of both VO2 and HR; r = 0.85 to 0.94; P < 0.01. Differences between RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, and RPE-Chest were examined with ANOVA for the repeated measures paradigm. RPE-Legs was higher (P < 0.01) than RPE-Chest and RPE-Overall at 25, 50, 75, and 100 W. RPE-Chest did not differ from RPE-Overall at 25 and 50 W but was lower (P < 0.01) than RPE-Overall at 75 and 100 W. CONCLUSION The psycho-physiological responses provide validity evidence for use of the Childrens OMNI Scale over a wide range of dynamic exercise intensities.

Perceived exertion, electromyography, and blood lactate during acute bouts of resistance exercise.

PURPOSE This study examined ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during resistance exercise in women. In addition, changes in blood lactic acid and biceps muscle activity assessed using electromyography (EMG) were investigated as potential mediators of RPE during resistance exercise. METHODS Twenty female volunteers (age, 25 +/- 4 yr) performed one set of biceps curl exercise at 30%, 60%, and 90% of their one-repetition maximum (1-RM). Total work was held constant by varying the number of repetitions during each of the three intensities. The three intensities were performed in random order. RPE responses were assessed for both the active muscle (RPE-AM) and the overall body (RPE-O) following each intensity. EMG data were collected from the biceps brachii muscle during each intensity. Blood samples were taken before and following the intensities and analyzed for blood lactic acid concentration. RESULTS A two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant RPE (region) x intensity interaction (P < 0.02). Both RPE-AM and RPE-O increased as the intensity of exercise increased. EMG activity increased significantly (P < 0.01) as the intensity of exercise increased. A two-factor repeated measures ANOVA performed on the blood lactate data showed a significant (P < 0.04) time x intensity interaction. Postexercise [Hla] was significantly greater (P < 0.01) at 90% 1-RM than at 30% 1-RM. No significant differences were found in [Hla] between 30% and 60% 1-RM, or between 60% and 90% 1-RM. CONCLUSION These results indicate that monitoring RPE may be a useful technique for regulating resistance exercise intensity. Moreover, blood lactate and activity of the involved muscle may mediate the relation between RPE and resistance exercise intensity.

Validation of the adult OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion for Cycle Ergometer exercise

PURPOSE Concurrent and construct validity of the OMNI-Cycle Scale of Perceived Exertion were examined using young adult women and men (18-32 yr). METHODS Concurrent validity was established by correlating OMNI-Cycle Scale ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) with oxygen consumption (.VO2) and heart rate (HR) responses to a load-incremented cycle ergometer protocol. Construct validity was established by correlating RPE derived from the OMNI-Cycle Scale with RPE from the Borg (6-20) Scale. RPE, .VO2, and HR were measured during each exercise stage. RESULTS The range of exercise responses across the incremental test for the female and male groups was .VO2 = 0.92-2.74 L.min-1, HR = 107.2-167.2 beats.min-1, and OMNI Scale RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, and RPE-Chest 1.0-9.1. Correlation/regression analyses indicated that RPE-Overall, RPE-Legs, and RPE-Chest distributed as a positive linear function of both .VO2 and HR (r = 0.81 to 0.95; P < 0.01). Undifferentiated and differentiated RPE-OMNI Scale distributed as a positive linear function of RPE-Borg Scale (r = 0.92 to 0.97; P < 0.01). ANOVA indicated that OMNI-Cycle RPE-Legs was higher (P < 0.01) than RPE-Chest at each exercise stage for both genders. CONCLUSION Concurrent and construct evidence supports use of the OMNI Scale by adult women and men to estimate RPE during cycle exercise.

Gender comparison of RPE at absolute and relative physiological criteria.

PURPOSE The effect of gender on ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPE-O), chest (RPE-C), legs (RPE-L), and arms (RPE-A (ski)) was determined. METHODS Comparisons were made at, a) absolute oxygen uptake (VO2, L x min(-1); mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and heart rate (HR, b x min(-1)) and b) relative VO2 (%VO2max/peak) and HR (% HRmax/peak) reference criteria. Nine male and 10 female subjects were compared using a perceptual estimation paradigm for treadmill (weight bearing), simulated ski (partial weight bearing), and cycle (nonweight bearing) exercise. RPE was determined by the Borg 15-category scale. RESULTS For each exercise mode, RPE-O, RPE-L, RPE-A (ski), and RPE-C were higher (P < 0.05) in the female than male cohort when compared at submaximal absolute VO2 criteria. RPE did not differ between female and male cohorts when compared at mode specific relative VO2 criteria. Differences in RPE-O, RPE-L, RPE-A (ski), and RPE-C were not found between female and male subjects when comparisons were made at both absolute and relative HR. Responses were consistent for the three exercise modes. CONCLUSION RPE did not differ between gender when comparisons were made at relativized VO2 and HR reference criteria at exercise intensities between 70 and 90% of mode specific maximal/peak values.

Prediction of 2000 m indoor rowing performance using a 30 s sprint and maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to predict indoor rowing performance in 12 competitive female rowers (age 21.3 - 3.6 years, height 1.68 - 0.54 m, body mass 67.1 - 11.7 kg; mean - s ) using a 30 s rowing sprint, maximal oxygen uptake and the blood lactate response to submaximal rowing. Blood lactate and oxygen uptake ( V O 2 ) were measured during a discontinuous graded exercise test on a Concept II rowing ergometer incremented by 25 W for each 2 min stage; the highest V O 2 measured during the test was recorded as V O 2max (mean = 3.18 - 0.35 l· min -1 ). Peak power (380 - 63.2 W) and mean power (368 - 60.0 W) were determined using a modified Wingate test protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. Rowing performance was based on the results of the 2000 m indoor rowing championship in 1997 (466.8 - 12.3 s). Laboratory testing was performed within 3 weeks of the rowing championship. Submitting mean power (Power), the highest and lowest five consecutive sprint power outputs (Maximal and Minimal), percent fatigue in the sprint test (Fatigue), V O 2max (l· min -1 ), V O 2max (ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ), V O 2 at the lactate threshold, power at the lactate threshold (W), maximal lactate concentration, lactate threshold (percent V O 2max ) and V E max (l·min -1 ) to a stepwise multiple regression analysis produced the following model to predict 2000 m rowing performance: Time 2000 =- 0.163 (Power)14.213 ·( V O 2max l· min -1 ) + 0.738· (Fatigue) + 567.259 ( R 2 = 0.96, standard error = 2.89). These results indicate that, in the women studied, 75.7% of the variation in 2000 m indoor rowing performance time was predicted by peak power in a rowing Wingate test, while V O 2max and fatigue during the Wingate test explained an additional 12.1% and 8.2% of the variance, respectively.

Metabolic efficiency during arm and leg exercise at the same relative intensities.

This study was conducted to compare gross efficiency (GE), net efficiency (NE), work efficiency (WE), and delta efficiency (DE) between arm crank and cycle exercise at the same relative intensities. Eight college-aged males underwent two experimental trials presented in a randomized counterbalanced order. During each trial subjects performed three intermittent 7-min exercise bouts separated by 10-min rest intervals on an arm or semirecumbent leg ergometer. The power outputs for the three bouts of arm crank or cycle exercise corresponded to 50, 60, and 70% of the mode-specific VO2peak. GE, NE, and WE were determined as the ratio of Kcal.min-1 equivalent of power output to Kcal.min-1 of total energy expended, energy expended above rest and energy expended above unloaded exercise, respectively. DE was determined as the ratio of the increment of Kcal.min-1 of power output above the previous lower intensity to the increment of kcal.min-1 of total energy expended above the previous lower intensity. GE and NE did not differ between arm crank and cycle exercises. However, WE was lower (P < 0.05) during arm crank than cycle exercise at 50, 60, and 70% VO2peak. DE was also lower (P < 0.05) during arm crank than cycle exercise at delta 50-60 and at delta 60-70% VO2peak. It is concluded metabolic efficiency as determined by work and delta efficiency indices was lower during arm crank compared with cycle exercise at the same relative intensities. These findings add to the understanding of the difference in metabolic efficiency between upper and lower body exercise.

Evaluation of air displacement for assessing body composition of collegiate wrestlers.

PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) by using the BOD POD in comparison with hydrostatic weighing (HW) in a collegiate wrestling population in hydrated and acutely dehydrated states. METHODS Body composition was determined by ADP, HW, and three-site skinfolds (SK) in 66 NCAA Division I collegiate wrestlers before and after acute dehydration (2.6% reduction in body mass). For all methods, body density (D(b)) was converted to percent body fat (%BF) by using the Brozek equation for Euro-Americans and the Schutte equation for African-Americans. RESULTS There were no significant differences between ADP and HW for D(b), %BF, and fat-free mass (FFM) in either the hydrated or dehydrated states. The standard errors of the estimate for %BF estimated from ADP with HW as the reference method were 2.12% (hydrated) and 2.16% (dehydrated); prediction errors were 2.35% (hydrated) and 2.49% (dehydrated). Bland-Altman plots of D(b) and %BF showed no systematic bias, and 64 out 66 subjects fell within the 95% limits of agreement (mean difference +/- 2 SD) for both variables. For SK, %BF was significantly higher than HW in both the hydrated and dehydrated state. All methods (ADP, HW, and SK) showed a significant decrease in FFM from the hydrated to the dehydrated state. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the BOD POD air displacement method provides similar estimates of D (b), %BF, and FFM when compared with HW in a heterogeneous collegiate wrestling population during hydrated and acutely dehydrated states. Pretest guidelines to ensure normal hydration status before body composition assessment using any method must be followed to minimize measurement error in %BF.