Vilma Blondet de Azeredo

Trans Fatty Acids in Maternal Diet May Impair Lipid Biosynthesis in Mammary Gland of Lactating Rats

Although trans fatty acids are known to influence essential fatty acid (EFA) metabolism and serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins, little is known about their effects on the metabolism of mammary glands (MGs) during lactation. In this study, 5 groups of lactating Wistar rats were fed semisynthetic diets containing 7% soy oil (control); 7% partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (7% PHVO); 13% PHVO +7% soy oil (13% PHVO); 5% PHVO +2% soy oil (5% PHVO), and 3.5% PHVO +3.5% soy oil (3.5% PHVO). Dams were killed on the 12th day of lactation. Weight, lipid content (LC), in vivo lipogenesis rate (LR) and activity of the lipogenic (ATP-citrate lyase and malic) enzymes were evaluated in the MGs. Maternal food intake, weight gain, and total MG weight were not found to be significantly different between the groups. The groups with 13, 7 and 5% PHVO presented a lower (p < 0.05) LR in MGs when compared to controls, whereas MG LC was higher in the 7 and 13% groups than in controls. The observed decrease in MG lipogenesis was accompanied by a diminution (p < 0.05) in the activities of ATP-citrate lyase and malic enzymes. These data indicate a potential impairment of lipid metabolism in the MG by trans isomers in lactating rats.

Ganho de peso, hemoglobina e hematócrito de ratos recebendo dieta de Quissamã, RJ, com ou sem suplemento alimentar alternativo

This study evaluated an alternative food supplement added to the Quissamas diet, which is consumed by malnourished children who participate in the Multimixture Subprogram, developed by Quissama Municipal Health Authority, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The biological assay was carried out during 28 days with 42 male Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, 26 days old, obtained from the Experimental Nutrition Laboratory at the Fluminense Federal University, divided into seven groups: 1) Control Group (diet based on casein) added with vitamins and minerals; 2) CGvm added with Food Supplement; 3) Control Group added with Food Supplement; 4) Quissama Group, based on Quissamas Diet; 5) QG added with vitamins and minerals; 6) QGvm added with Food Supplement; and 7) QG added with Food Supplement. Water and food were offered ad libitum, and the weight of the animals and the food consumption were measured every two days. Blood was collected on the last day for biochemical analysis. The CGFS showed a significant weight loss (p< 0.05) compared with all the other groups and significantly higher hemoglobin and hematocrit levels compared with the other Control Groups. The QG presented the highest hemoglobin level and the QGFS showed the highest hematocrit level among all the Quissama Groups. The supplementation of Quissamas Diet was not relevant in this experiment.

Utilização da multimistura durante a lactação e seus efeitos na produção e composição do leite materno de ratas

A multimistura, composta por farelos, pos de folhas verdes, pos de sementes e po da casca de ovo, vem sendoamplamente recomendada para aumentar a producao de leite materno, porem sem bases cientificas queconfirmem sua eficacia. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho lactacional de ratas alimentadas comdieta suplementada com 2% de multimistura (MM). Foram utilizados ratos femeas da linhagem Wistar lactantescom idade entre 90 e 100 dias de vida, divididos nos seguintes grupos (n=12): a) a base da dieta habitual doEstado do Rio de Janeiro (HERJ); b) dieta HERJ suplementada com 2% de multimistura (HERJ+MM); c) a basede caseina, com 12% de proteinas (CAS1); d) a base de caseina, com 20% de proteinas (CAS2). Foramdeterminados os macronutrientes proteina, lactose e lipidios e a producao de leite. O grupo HERJ+MMapresentou a menor producao de leite (p<0,05) e o menor conteudo de lactose, quando comparado com osoutros. Portanto, conclui-se que a performance lactacional das ratas cuja racao foi suplementada com 2% demultimistura apresentou-se diminuida.Termos de indexacaoermos de indexacao: lactacao, producao de leite, multimistura, dieta.

Estado nutricional e consumo alimentar de mulheres jovens na fase lútea e folicular do ciclo menstrual

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the nutritional status and food intake of healthy young women during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Forty-five volunteers were followed for three months. Their nutritional status was determined by body mass index, body fat and total body water. Six food recall instruments were used to evaluate food group intake according to the food guide pyramid. Food cravings were detected by three daily symptom charts. RESULTS: The mean body mass index and body fat were normal in both phases; however, there was a higher percentage of women with above-average body water during the luteal phase (77%). The consumption of foods from the complementary group was higher during the luteal phase. The consumption of foods from all other groups during both phases was below the recommended levels, except for meats. Food cravings were mild during the entire menstrual cycle and there were no significant differences between the phases. Food cravings were positively associated with increased intake of foods from the complementary group. CONCLUSION: In healthy women, the menstrual cycle influences food consumption and the luteal phase causes water retention.

Multimixture influence on rats gestation: maternal and fetal weights and serum triglycerides

(n= 120),divididas em quatro grupos: a) a base da dieta habitual do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HERJ); b) a base da dietahabitual do Estado do Rio de Janeiro adicionada de 2% de MM (HERJ+MM); c) a base de caseina (CAS1) com12% de proteina; d) controle caseina (CAS2) com 20% de proteina. Os pesos materno e fetal foram registradossemanalmente nos dias 7, 14 e 21 do experimento. Para a determinacao dos triglicerideos sericos (mg/dL)foram usados

Effect of the “protein diet” and bone tissue.

UNLABELLED The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the hyperproteic diet consumption on bone tissue. METHODS The study was conducted during sixty days. Twenty eight Wistar albinus rats, adults, originated from Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition were divided in four groups: (n = 7); Control 1 (C1), Control 2 (C2), Hyperproteic 1 (HP1) e Hyperproteic 2 (HP2). The C2 and HP2 groups were submitted to 30% of food restriction. The hyperproteic diet was based on the Atkins diet and prepared to simulate the protein diet. At the end of the study the animals were anesthetized to performer bone densitometry analyses by DEXA and blood and tissue collection. Serum and bone minerals analyses were conducted by colorimetric methods in automated equipment. RESULTS The total bone mineral density (BMD) of the pelvis and the spine of the food restriction groups (HP2 e C2) were lower (p < 0.05) than C1 e HP1 groups. While the femur BMD of the HP2 was lower (p < 0.05) related to others groups. It had been observed reduction (p < 0.05) in the medium point of the width of femur diaphysis and in bone calcium level in the hyperproteic groups (HP1 e HP2). It was observed similar effect on the osteocalcin level, that presented lower (p < 0.05) in the hyperproteic groups. The insulin level was lower only in HP2 and serum calcium of the HP1 and HP2 groups was lower than C1. CONCLUSION The protein diet promotes significant bone change on femur and in the hormones levels related to bone synthesis and maintenance of this tissue.

Estado nutricional de nutrizes adolescentes em diferentes semanas pós-parto

OBJETIVO: avaliar as modificacoes do estado nutricional de nutrizes adolescentes em diferentes momentos no pos-parto. METODO: estudo do tipo analitico observacional longitudinal, com acompanhamento de 50 nutrizes adolescentes da 5a a 15a semana pos-parto (SPP). O estado nutricional foi avaliado na 5a, 10a e 15a SPP, com uso do Indice de Massa Corporal (IMC/idade). Foi utilizado o metodo colorimetrico para avaliacao da hemoglobina e microcentrifugacao para o hematocrito. Usou-se ANOVA com medidas de repeticao e Tukey como pos-teste, para comparacao das medias. Trabalhou-se com nivel de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: observou-se modificacao no estado nutricional do periodo pre-gestacional para a 15a SPP, com diminuicao na frequencia de voluntarias com baixo peso (de 21% para 9%) e aumento nos casos de sobrepeso (de 21% para 27%) e eutrofia (58% para 64%). Apesar de, em media, as concentracoes de hemoglobina (12,3±1,7g/dL) e hematocrito (39,0±4,0%) apresentarem-se adequados, observou-se grande frequencia de anemia (30%) durante todo o periodo estudado. CONCLUSAO: os resultados mostram incremento no peso corporal em funcao do tempo de lactacao, aumentando o problema da obesidade na adolescencia. Tambem foi apontado que a anemia e um problema nutricional, nao apenas durante a gestacao, mas tambem na lactacao em adolescentes. Portanto, deve-se prevenir e tratar possiveis deficiencias nutricionais subclinicas existentes neste momento biologico.

Apoptosis induced by a low-carbohydrate and high-protein diet in rat livers

AIM To determine whether high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diets can cause lesions in rat livers. METHODS We randomly divided 20 female Wistar rats into a control diet group and an experimental diet group. Animals in the control group received an AIN-93M diet, and animals in the experimental group received an Atkins-based diet (59.46% protein, 31.77% fat, and 8.77% carbohydrate). After 8 wk, the rats were anesthetized and exsanguinated for transaminases analysis, and their livers were removed for flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and light microscopy studies. We expressed the data as mean ± standard deviation (SD) assuming unpaired and parametric data; we analyzed differences using the Students t-test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS We found that plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to flow cytometry, the percentages of nonviable cells were 11.67% ± 1.12% for early apoptosis, 12.07% ± 1.11% for late apoptosis, and 7.11% ± 0.44% for non-apoptotic death in the experimental diet group and 3.73% ± 0.50% for early apoptosis, 5.67% ± 0.72% for late apoptosis, and 3.82% ± 0.28% for non-apoptotic death in the control diet group. The mean percentage of early apoptosis was higher in the experimental diet group than in the control diet group. Immunohistochemistry for autophagy was negative in both groups. Sinusoidal dilation around the central vein and small hepatocytes was only observed in the experimental diet group, and fibrosis was not identified by hematoxylin-eosin or Trichrome Masson staining in either group. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of an experimental diet resulted in cellular and histopathological lesions in rat livers. Apoptosis was our principal finding; elevated plasma transaminases demonstrate hepatic lesions.

Effect of the intake of liquids rich in polyphenols on blood pressure and fat liver deposition in rats submitted to high-fat diet

INTRODUCTION Seeking better quality of life, the number of studies on functional foods and disease prevention is growing fast. Whole red grape juice (WRGJ) and red wine (RW) stand out, which are rich in polyphenols, showing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of WRGJ and RW intake and resveratrol solution (RS) on blood pressure and fat liver deposition of rats fed with high-fat diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS During 60 days, 50 Rattus norvegicus Wistar Albino adults were divided into: control group (CG)--balanced diet, hyperlipidic group (HG), red wine group (RWG), grape juice group (JGG) and resveratrol group (RG)--hyperlipidic diet. Feed and water were offered ad libttum to all groups. WRGJ, RW and RS were offered daily to JG, WG and RG, respectively. Blood pressure was measured using tail plestimograph. The animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and the liver was removed, weighed and fat was extracted using Soxhlet extractor. RESULTS No difference in weight gain, feed intake, liver weight and diastolic blood pressure among groups was observed. However, systolic blood pressure (mmHg) and liver fat concentration (g%) were lower (p<0.05) in JGG than in HG, WG and RG, but similar to CG. CONCLUSIONS The daily consumption of WRGJ minimizes the effects of high-fat diet on systolic blood pressure and prevents nonalcoholic fatty infiltration in the liver of animals, which was not observed in the consumption of RW or resveratrol solution.

Changes in Taste and Food Intake during the Menstrual Cycle

Background: Dietary changes during the menstrual cycle may be the result of the interference of female hormones on taste; however, little is known about this possible relationship. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the menstrual cycle on taste and food intake among young women. Patients and Methods: Fifty women at childbearing age were followed during three months. Body mass index was used to assess the anthropometric nutritional status. Dietary intake was assessed by applying six dietary records. The taste of volunteers was evaluated in the luteal (LP) and follicular phases (FP) of the menstrual cycle through taste-intensity and constant stimulation tests. In the LP, blood was collected for determination of female hormones, insulin and ghrelin. Data are presented using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation; ANOVA was used to compare means and significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: The anthropometric nutritional status of volunteers remained unchanged during the studied phases. Protein was consumed in smaller amounts (p <0.05) in the LP (LP: 66.66 ± 17.85 g/day and FP: 74.01 ± 16.57 g/day). The average intake of minerals such as potassium, calcium and magnesium were below of the recommendations, while sodium intake was above of the recommended values. In the LP, volunteers showed decreased sensitivity to acid taste. Positive associations in the LP were found between bitter taste perception and the following variables: energy intake (r=0.49; p=0.01), carbohydrate (r=0.46; p=0.01) and lipid (r=0.39; p=0.04). Positive association was found between bitter taste perception and insulin (r=0.36, p=0.04) and negative association between ghrelin and acid taste perception (r=-0.36, p=0.04). Conclusions: The menstrual cycle changed the acid taste perception, which can affect the food choices in the luteal phase and suggests that hormones insulin and ghrelin can influence taste perception, controlling food intake.