Vincent Courtecuisse

Fuzzy Logic Supervisor-Based Primary Frequency Control Experiments of a Variable-Speed Wind Generator

In this paper, a primary frequency control strategy based on fuzzy logic, designed for variable-speed wind generators, is proposed and tested on a 2.2 kW test bench. The fuzzy logic supervisor ensures a regular primary reserve for a large range of wind speeds without any wind speed measurement. This supervisor controls simultaneously the generator torque and the pitch angle to keep the primary reserve; it determines in real time the generator power reference value. The fuzzy logic supervisor is compared to a simpler strategy, based only on the control of the generator torque. This classical strategy ensures a regular power reserve only when the wind generator operates at full load, and the generator power reference needs to be determined previously or by the network manager. A procedure for implementing a fuzzy logic supervisor in real time is proposed. The experiments indicate the regularity of the power reserve and the ability to contribute to frequency control.

Variable Speed Wind Generators Participation in Primary Frequency Control

To maintain a power reserve to contribute to the primary frequency control with variable speed wind generators, two control strategies are analysed in this paper: a torque control strategy and a fuzzy logic based multivariable control strategy. The first and most simple strategy allows to maintain a regular reserve only when the wind turbine generator works at full load and needs the determination of a power reference value a priori or by the network manager. The second control strategy allows to overcome these limits without any wind speed measurement; it determines in real time the generator power reference value to maintain a fixed minimum reserve. The main result of this paper is to shown that it is possible to maintain a regular reserve on a large range of the wind speed. This reserve is still more regular when considering a wind farm owing to the wind speed dispersion. The performance of the proposed primary frequency control strategies is shown with the help of simulations by considering a wind farm including three wind generators.

Experiment of a wind generator participation to frequency control

In this paper, a primary frequency control strategy based on fuzzy logic designed for variable speed wind generators is proposed and tested on a 2,2 kW test bench. The fuzzy logic supervisor ensures a regular primary reserve on a large range of wind speed without any wind speed measurement. This supervisor controls simultaneously the generator torque and the pitch angle to keep the primary reserve; it determines in real time the generator power reference value. The fuzzy logic supervisor is compared with a classical strategy which maximises the power efficiency.The experiments point out the regularity of the power reserve and the ability to contribute to frequency control.

Association of wind turbine based dispersed generators and storage systems to participate in primary frequency control

The goal of this work is to develop a supervision strategy for hybrid generation systems. This strategy must allow to improve the grid insertion of wind turbine generators (WTG) by associating them some storage systems and foreseeable decentralized generator (FDG). To maintain a reference power and to contribute to the primary frequency control with a hybrid generator based on variable speed WTG, storage systems and FDG, a fuzzy logic supervisor is proposed. A detailed method to build this supervisor is proposed. The performance of this supervisor is shown with the help of simulation.

The feasibility of the ancillary services for Vehicle-to-grid technology

This paper explores the feasibility of electric vehicle contribution to the grid ancillary services. Thanks to a probabilistic approach, the technical possibilities of Vehicle-to-grid ancillary services are assessed. Different scenarios with respect to the number of EVs fleet and commuting behavior have been generated to assess the possibility of grid service support in sense of power, energy and appropriate time interval. Each scenario is dedicated to proper ancillary service, where the economic interest for each service has been discussed.

Experimental results of a hybrid wind/hydro power system connected to isolated loads

Variable speed hydro power plants allow to compensate and to smooth the fluctuating wind power when feeding isolated loads. This is shown experimentally in this paper with the help of a 3 kW laboratory test bench able to emulate a hybrid wind/hydro power system. The test bench is equipped of a doubly fed induction generator based small hydro power plant emulator associated with a fixed-speed wind generator emulator. This kind of wind generator is often used in small or medium power isolated networks. Tests show that the frequency and voltage are well controlled in spite of load variations.

Performance comparison of different wind generator based hybrid systems

In this paper a graphical modelling tool is proposed to develop a fuzzy logic based supervisor. This tool facilitates the analysis and the determination of fuzzy control algorithms adapted to complex hybrid systems. To explain this methodology, the association of wind generators, dispersed generator and storage systems are considered. The performance of this supervisor is shown with the help of simulations. A comparison of different topologies is also proposed.

Experiment of a Wind Generator Participation to Frequency Control

Abstract This paper presents a hardware implementation of the participation of a wind turbine to network primary frequency control. The increase of renewable production of electricity requires the participation of these generators to ancillary services. The proposed method, by actions on the pitch angle and the generator torque through fuzzy logic controllers, creates a power reserve. This reserve is regular on a large range of wind speeds and is constituted without any wind speed measurement. Furthermore, the proposed strategy uses this reserve in case of frequency deviation to provide additional active power to stabilise the electrical grid. The implementation of such strategy on a 2.2 kW test bench representing a wind turbine and its generator validates the practical feasibility of the method. Finally, the regularity of the reserve is shown to be weakly dependant on the dynamics of the wind turbine controls.

Minimization of energy transmission cost and CO 2 emissions using coordination of electric vehicle and wind power (W2V)

In recent years, the electrical energy distribution network is at the heart of energy and environmental changes that affect our society. In fact, many applications use the electric vector in order to increase their energy efficiency. This is particularly the case of electric vehicles (EVs), wind and solar power generation. However, these means of production are often intermittent and not in conjunction with power consumption. Therefore, the lack of control of these evolutions may lead to technical and financial problems. This strategy would be a real obstacle to the development of EVs. So, the paper deals with an approach based on fuzzy logic control that allows EV peaks power shaving, and coordination of wind power excess and EVs load. This will enable the Distribution System Operator (DSO) to limit its energy transmission costs and CO2 emissions. The supervision strategy is applied to a real test system, and its performance is shown with the help of simulations using Matlab/Simulink.

Study of a grid-connected hybrid wind/micro-hydro power system

This paper reports on experimental results for a hybrid wind/micro hydro power system connected to the grid. It comprises, on one side, a doubly-fed induction generator linked mechanically and electrically (through back-to-back power electronic converters in the rotor circuit) to a permanent- magnet synchronous machine, which may recover or supply the slip power, and, on the other side, a fixed- speed wind generator driven by a squirrel-cage induction generator. Simulations in Matlab/ Simulinktrade environment for two supervisory strategies of the hybrid power system under study are also presented.