Vinood B. Patel

Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics

Nervous system -- Development and ageing -- Cancers -- Caloric and dietary restriction -- Detailed processes in epigenetics of diet and nutrition.-Modifications of DNA via methylation -- Modifications of histones -- Modifications of non-coding RNAs -- DNA repair -- Modulating epigenetics with diet and nutrition -- General treatments and strategies -- Vitamins -- Minerals -- Specific foods and nutrients -- Nutritional toxicology -- Practical techniques.

Non-cardiac nucleic acid composition and protein synthesis rates in hypertension: studies on the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model.

Various studies have shown the involvement of extracardiac tissues in hypertension, including the hepato-intestinal tract, musculo-skeletal system, skin, and the kidney. It was our hypothesis that these perturbations in non-cardiac tissues would also include alterations in protein metabolism. Thus, the reported differences in soleus contractile protein composition may be related to changes in muscle protein synthesis or reduced protein synthetic efficiencies. The aim of the present study was to characterise tissue composition of nucleic acids and rates of protein synthesis in non-cardiac tissues, such as liver, skeletal muscle (i.e., the Type I fibre-predominant soleus and Type II fibre-predominant plantaris), kidney, bone (tibia), skin and the gastrointestinal tract in a genetic model of hypertension (i.e., spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), 15 weeks old) compared to their genetic aged-matched counterparts, i.e., normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Rates of protein synthesis were measured in vivo after injection with a flooding dose of L-[4-(3)H]phenylalanine. The results showed changed tissue wet weights (g per organ) for plantaris (+10%, P<0.05), liver (+25%, P<0.01), brain (-9%, P<0.01), jejunum (+39%, P<0.001) and tibia (+17%, P<0.001) in SHRs compared to WKY controls. Protein content (g or mg per organ) was increased in the liver (+32%, P<0. 01) and tibia (+37%, P<0.05). RNA contents (mg per organ) were increased in plantaris (+17%, P<0.01), liver (+22%, P<0.01) and jejunum (+11%, P<0.05). DNA (mg per organ) was increased in plantaris (+16%, P<0.025) and jejunum (+12%, P<0.025). The protein synthetic capacities (i.e., C(s), mg RNA/g protein) were higher in soleus (+41%, P<0.01) and plantaris (+6%, P<0.05) muscles of SHRs compared to WKYs, whereas values were lower in liver (-11%, P<0.01) and kidney (-6%, P<0.01) of SHRs compared to WKYs. The fractional rate of protein synthesis (i.e., k(s), the percentage of the protein pool renewed each day) was not significantly different for any of the tissues, though the rate of protein synthesis per unit RNA (i.e., k(RNA), mg protein/day per mg RNA) was reduced in the soleus (-24%, P<0.05) and the synthesis rate per unit DNA, i.e., k(DNA) (mg protein/day per mg DNA) was increased in the tibia (+31%, P<0.025). This is the first report of significant differences between indices of protein metabolism in extracardiac tissues in hypertension, which may reflect endocrine factors and/or the systemic influence of hypertension per se.

Substance Misuse and Tissue Pathology with Special Reference to the Heart

Common drugs of misuse include alcohol, nicotine (and tobacco products), cannabis, cocaine and, to a certain extent, caffeine. Other lesser used drugs include amphetamines, opiates, sedatives/hypnotics, phencyclidines, hallucinogens and anabolic steroids. In Europe there are many millions of drug misusers and, similarly, the extent of drug misuse in North America is staggering. Thus, in the UK there are between 1 and 3 million alcohol abusers and a third of the adult population smoke tobacco products. The biomedical implications of this prevalence are considerable. In comparison with psychomotor, neuropsychiatric and cognitive reports on the above substances, investigations into organ damage are comparatively limited. This particularly relates to the biochemical mechanisms responsible for tissue specific lesions. It is a truism that virtually every single tissue system or organ in the mammalian body is adversely affected to some degree by one or more of the above drugs of misuse. At the extreme, there is organ failure and death. At the very least, there may arise compensatory mechanisms, that may be considered to be either adaptive or destructive but, nevertheless, impair organ function.