Virginijus Barzda

Singlet-singlet annihilation kinetics in aggregates and trimers of LHCII

Singlet-singlet annihilation experiments have been performed on trimeric and aggregated light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) using picosecond spectroscopy to study spatial equilibration times in LHCII preparations, complementing the large amount of data on spectral equilibration available in literature. The annihilation kinetics for trimers can well be described by a statistical approach, and an annihilation rate of (24 ps)(-1) is obtained. In contrast, the annihilation kinetics for aggregates can well be described by a kinetic approach over many hundreds of picoseconds, and it is shown that there is no clear distinction between inter- and intratrimer transfer of excitation energy. With this approach, an annihilation rate of (16 ps)(-1) is obtained after normalization of the annihilation rate per trimer. It is shown that the spatial equilibration in trimeric LHCII between chlorophyll a molecules occurs on a time scale that is an order of magnitude longer than in Photosystem I-core, after correcting for the different number of chlorophyll a molecules in both systems. The slow transfer in LHCII is possibly an important factor in determining excitation trapping in Photosystem II, because it contributes significantly to the overall trapping time.

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Type I Collagen Fibers Studied by Polarization Dependent Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy

Collagen (type I) fibers are readily visualized with second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy though the molecular origin of the signal has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the molecular origin of SHG from type I collagen is investigated using the time-dependent coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock calculations of the hyperpolarizibilities of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Two effective nonlinear dipoles are found to orient in-the-plane of the amino acids, with one of the dipoles aligning close to the pitch orientation in the triple-helix, which provides the dominant contribution to the SHG polarization properties. The calculated hyperpolarizability tensor element ratios for the collagen triple-helix models: [(Gly3)n]3, [(Gly-Pro2)n]3, and [(Gly-Pro-Hyp)n]3, are used to predict the second-order nonlinear susceptibility ratios, χ(zzz)(2)/χ(iiz)(2) and χ(zii)(2)/χ(iiz)(2) of collagen fibers. From SHG microscopy polarization in, polarization out (PIPO) measurements of type I collagen in human lung tissue, a theoretical method is used to extract the triple-helix orientation angle with respect to the collagen fiber. The study shows the dominant role of amino acid orientation in the triple-helix for determining the polarization properties of SHG and provides a method for determining the triple-helix orientation angle in the collagen fibers.

Visualization of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes

The simultaneous detection of third harmonic (THG), and multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPF) or second harmonic (SHG) from the same focal volume has led us to the development of a nonlinear multimodal microscopic biological imaging tool. The multimodal microscope has been applied for imaging of isolated live cardiomyocytes, and investigation of structural origin of the THG and SHG signals has been performed. By employing the different image contrast mechanisms, differentiation of structures inside a single live adult rat cardiomyocyte has been achieved. Based on structural crosscorrelation image analysis between NAD(P)H fluorescence and THG, and morphology of cardiomyocytes we were able to assign large part of the structure revealed by THG to the mitochondria. The crosscorrelation of THG with fluorescence of tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) labeled cardiomyocytes confirmed the mitochondrial origin of THG. The SHG generated structures were anticorrelated with THG and possessed the characteristic pattern of the myofibrils in the myocyte in accordance with the literature. Possible visualization of mitochondria with THG microscopy appeared due to enhancement of the third harmonic by multilayer arrangement of cristae.

Hierarchical Model of Fibrillar Collagen Organization for Interpreting the Second-Order Susceptibility Tensors in Biological Tissue

The second-order nonlinear polarization properties of fibrillar collagen in various rat tissues (vertebrae, tibia, tail tendon, dermis, and cornea) are investigated with polarization-dependent second-harmonic generation (P-SHG) microscopy. Three parameters are extracted: the second-order susceptibility ratio, R = [Formula: see text] ; a measure of the fibril distribution asymmetry, |A|; and the weighted-average fibril orientation, . A hierarchical organizational model of fibrillar collagen is developed to interpret the second-harmonic generation polarization properties. Highlights of the model include: collagen type (e.g., type-I, type-II), fibril internal structure (e.g., straight, constant-tilt), and fibril architecture (e.g., parallel fibers, intertwined, lamellae). Quantifiable differences in internal structure and architecture of the fibrils are observed. Occurrence histograms of R and |A| distinguished parallel from nonparallel fibril distributions. Parallel distributions possessed low parameter values and variability, whereas nonparallel distributions displayed an increase in values and variability. From the P-SHG parameters of vertebrae tissue, a three-dimensional reconstruction of lamellae of intervertebral disk is presented.

Fluorescence Lifetime Heterogeneity in Aggregates of LHCII Revealed by Time-Resolved Microscopy

Two-photon excitation, time-resolved fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the fluorescence quenching mechanisms in aggregates of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b pigment protein complexes of photosystem II from green plants (LHCII). Time-gated microscopy images show the presence of large heterogeneity in fluorescence lifetimes not only for different LHCII aggregates, but also within a single aggregate. Thus, the fluorescence decay traces obtained from macroscopic measurements reflect an average over a large distribution of local fluorescence kinetics. This opens the possibility to resolve spatially different structural/functional units in chloroplasts and other heterogeneous photosynthetic systems in vivo, and gives the opportunity to investigate individually the excited states dynamics of each unit. We show that the lifetime distribution is sensitive to the concentration of quenchers contained in the system. Triplets, which are generated at high pulse repetition rates of excitation (>1 MHz), preferentially quench domains with initially shorter fluorescence lifetimes. This proves our previous prediction from singlet-singlet annihilation investigations (Barzda, V., V. Gulbinas, R. Kananavicius, V. Cervinskas, H. van Amerongen, R. van Grondelle, and L. Valkunas. 2001. Biophys. J. 80:2409-2421) that shorter fluorescence lifetimes originate from larger domains in LHCII aggregates. We found that singlet-singlet annihilation has a strong effect in time-resolved fluorescence microscopy of connective systems and has to be taken into consideration. Despite that, clear differences in fluorescence decays can be detected that can also qualitatively be understood.

Evidence for long-range excitation energy migration in macroaggregates of the chlorophyll ab light-harvesting antenna complexes

Abstract We investigated the picosecond transient absorbance kinetics under singlet-singlet annihilation conditions and the steady-state spectroscopic features, absorbance, circular dichroism and low-temperature fluorescence spectra, in large, three-dimensional, stacked lamellar aggregates of the purified light-harvesting chlorophyll a b complexes (LHCII) and its form of small aggregates. Our data strongly suggest that the macroorganizational parameters significantly influence the spectroscopic properties and strongly affect the energy migration pathways in the aggregates. In small aggregates ( d ≈ 100 nm) of LHCII trimers the excitation energy migration could be characterized with a percolation type of excitation migration in a small cluster of chromophores. In contrast, in chirally organized macroaggregates ( d ≈ 2–4 μ m) the annihilation kinetics were consistent with a model predicted for (infinitely) large three-dimensional aggregates, showing that LHCII macroaggregates can constitute a structural basis for long-range migration of the excitation energy.

Simultaneous multifocal, multiphoton, photon counting microscopy

We demonstrate a novel multifocal, multiphoton microscope that is capable of simultaneous dynamic imaging of multiple focal planes. We show for the first time that multimodal, multiphoton images excited with orthogonal polarizations can be acquired simultaneously in both the transmission and epi directions.

Femtosecond Yb:KGd(WO 4 ) 2 laser oscillator pumped by a high power fiber-coupled diode laser module

The development and characterization of a diode-pumped ultrashort pulse Yb:KGd(WO(4))(2) laser oscillator is reported. The laser was pumped by a 25W fiber-coupled diode laser module operating at 980 nm wavelength. In the mode-locked regime, 296 fs duration pulses centered around 1031 nm were generated at a repetition rate of 61 MHz with a total average output power of up to 3.7W, corresponding to 205 kW of peak power and 60 nJ of energy per pulse. Compensation of positive intracavity dispersion was realized using a single chirped dielectric mirror.

Nonlinear multicontrast microscopy of hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained histological sections

Imaging hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained cancerous histological sections with multicontrast nonlinear excitation fluorescence, second- and third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy reveals cellular structures with extremely high image contrast. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy together with second hyperpolarizability measurements of the dyes shows that strong THG appears due to neutral hemalum aggregation and is subsequently enhanced by interaction with eosin. Additionally, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy reveals eosin fluorescence quenching by hemalums, showing better suitability of only eosin staining for fluorescence microscopy. Multicontrast nonlinear microscopy has the potential to differentiate between cancerous and healthy tissue at a single cell level.

Efficient frequency doubling of a femtosecond Yb:KGW laser in a BiB 3 O 6 crystal

Efficient frequency doubling of a high-power femtosecond Yb:KGW laser in a nonlinear BiBO crystal is demonstrated. Green second harmonic generation with more than 1.1 W of average power and 41% conversion efficiency was achieved using a single-pass configuration.