Vladimír Benáček

History of Czech economic and political alignments viewed as a transition

For many authors transition is understood as an institutional change due to fundamental changes in relative prices and/or changes in sociopolitical preferences, as outlined by North (1990). A radical change of this kind entails a transition to new equilibria in such characteristics like ownership, exchange, organisations, dominant economic agents and incentives. In this paper, transition will be associated with a long-run path of change in the economic system caused by the dislocations in: domestic markets and international trade, previous allocation of resources, the stability of previous structures of ownership, and political and economic alignments.

The Factors of Growth of Small Family Businesses. A Robust Estimation of the Behavioural Consistency in Panel Data Models

The paper quantifies the role of factors associated with the growth (or decline) of micro and small businesses in European economies. The growth is related to the levels of employment and value added in enterprises, as well as, ten institutional variables. We test the data for consistency of behavioural patterns in various countries and gradually remove outlying observations that can lead to erroneous conclusions when using the classic estimators; this is a quite unique approach in panel data analysis. In the first part of this paper we outline a highly robust method of estimation based on fixed effects and least trimmed squares (LTS). In its second part we apply this method on the panel data of 28 countries in 2002–2008 testing for the hypothesis that micro and small businesses in Europe use different strategies for their growth. We run a series of econometric tests where we regress employment and total net production in micro and small businesses on three economic factors: gross capital returns, labour cost gaps in small relative to large enterprises and GDP per capita. In addition, we test the role of 10 institutional factors in the growth of family businesses.