Vladimir Burdyuzha

The cosmological constant (a modern view)

We briefly discuss a modern view of the cosmological constant. It is suggested that the cosmological constant was “hardened” at E ∼ 150 MeV after the latest (quark-gluon) phase transition. Until this energy was reached, the vacuum component of the Universe evolved (decreased) in a series of discontinuous jumps; i.e., condensates of quantum fields made negative contributions to its positive energy density. This was the quintessence period of the evolution of the Universe, when it underwent an intense loss of symmetry during the first fractions of a microsecond of its existence. However, this point of view is not without criticism, and other approaches are considered. In particular, the small value of the cosmological constant and its ability to accelerate the expansion of the Universe is of great interest. Although all available data on the cosmological constant were recently summarized and classified by S. Nobbenhuis, no satisfactory solution to this problemhas been reached, and this represents a major difficulty for progress in quantum-gravity theory and cosmology. We briefly discuss the possibility for stars to be formed from dark energy (vacuum stars) and the extension of holographic ideas to the entire Universe. We also consider the possibility of solving the problem of the cosmological constant by introducing a universal wave function; i.e., quantum decoherence, which implies the rejection of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the acceptance of H. Everett’s point of view.

Familon model of dark matter

If the next fundamental level of matter occurs (preons), then dark matter must consist of familons containing a ‘hot’ component from massless particles and a ‘cold’ component from massive particles. During the evolution of the Universe this dark matter occurred up to late-time relativistic phase transitions the temperatures of which were different. Fluctuations created by these phase transitions had a fractal character. As a result the structuration of dark matter (and therefore the baryon subsystem) occurred, and in the Universe some characteristic scales which have caused this phenomenon arise naturally. Familons are collective excitations of non-perturbative preon condensates that could be produced during an earlier relativistic phase transition. For structuration of dark matter (and the baryon component), three generations of particles are necessary. The first generation of particles produced the observed baryon world. The second and third generations produced dark matter from particles that appeared ...

The fractal universe, preon structure of particles, and the familon model of dark matter

The consequences of the preon structure of matter are discussed. The table of elementary particles is presented in its preon version, in which quarks, leptons and gauge bosons are considered to be composite particles. The preon model provides a natural explanation for dark matter, which consists of pseudo-Goldstone familon bosons with a mass m ∼ 10−3–10−5 eV. It has been shown that phase transitions could occur at various temperatures in a medium of familons formed of up and down quarks of different generations, leading to fractal fragmentation of the medium and the formation of “distinguished scales” in the Universe. The role of particle families is elucidatied. Fractality is also briefly discussed.

Positronium in Space: Proposal for Detection

We propose to observe the strongest recombination lines of positronium atoms Lα (2431 Å), Hα (1.3 μm), Pα (3.75 μm), the lines of fine structure of the level n=2 (1.62 cm, 2.30 cm and 3.48 cm) of the ortho Ps and the spin-flip line (0.147 cm) from probable Galactic sources of a narrow annihilation line. The Lα line may be detected by HST from sources with small extinction in their direction. The observations of the Hα and Pα lines are suitable for the best ground based IR telescopes. The maser lines of the fine structure may be observed on large radiotelescopes since the population of the upper sublevel n = 2 is higher than the population of low sublevels.

The Dark Components of the Universe Are Slowly Clarified

The dark sector of the Universe is beginning to be clarified step by step. If the dark energy is vacuum energy, then 123 orders of this energy are reduced by ordinary physical processes. For many years, these unexplained orders were called a crisis of physics. There was indeed a “crisis” before the introduction of the holographic principle and entropic force in physics. The vacuum energy was spent on the generation of new quantum states during the entire life of the Universe, but in the initial period of its evolution the vacuum energy (78 orders) were reduced more effectively by the vacuum condensates produced by phase transitions, because the Universe lost the high symmetry during its expansion. Important problems of physical cosmology can be solved if the quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons are composite particles. The dark matter, partially or all consisting of familon-type pseudo-Goldstone bosons with a mass of 10—5–10–3 eV, can be explained in the composite model. Three generations of elementary particles are absolutely necessary in this model. In addition, this model realizes three relativistic phase transitions in a medium of familons at different redshifts, forming a large-scale structure of dark matter that was “repeated” by baryons. We predict the detection of dark energy dynamics, the detection of familons as dark matter particles, and the development of spectroscopy for the dark medium due to the probable presence of dark atoms in it. Other viewpoints on the dark components of the Universe are also discussed briefly.

The vacuum component of the Universe (cosmological constant) should evolve

The evolution of the vacuum component of the Universe is studied in both the quantum and classical regimes. Our Universe has emerged as a result of a tunneling process, beginning with an oscillating mode and passing on to a Friedmann mode, and it very probably had a high symmetry for the Planck parameters. In the first fractions of a second (the quantum regime), as it cooled, the vacuum component of the Universe lost its high degree of symmetry due to phase transitions; i.e., its positive energy density was subject to negative contributions from quantum field condensates (by 78 orders of magnitude). After the last (quark-hadron) phase transition, the vacuum energy “froze.” At this time (10−6 s), the vacuum energy density can be calculated using the formula of Zel’dovich and substituting the mean values of the pseudo-Goldstone boson (π-mesons) masses characterizing the chromodynamic vacuum. Chiral symmetrywas lost at that time. The dynamics of the equilibrium vacuum after its “hardening” is considered using the holographic principle. During the next 4 × 1017 s (the classical regime), the vacuum component of the Universe was reduced by 45 orders of magnitude due to the creation of new quantum states during its expansion. It is possible to solve the cosmological-constant problem using the holographic principle, since the 123 problematic orders of magnitude disappear in usual physical processes. The vacuum energy density is also calculated in the classical regime to a redshift of 1011 using a “cosmological calculator.”

THE TUNNELING, THE SECOND ORDER RELATIVISTIC PHASE TRANSITIONS AND PROBLEM OF THE MACROSCOPIC UNIVERSE ORIGIN

We propose that the Universe was created from “Nothing” with a relatively small number of particles and it very quick relaxed to a quasi-equilibrium state at the Planck parameters. The classic cosmological solution for this Universe, with the calculation of its ability to undergo the second order relativistic phase transition (RPT), has two branches divided by a gap. On one of these branches near to the “Nothing” state the second order RPT is not possible at the GUT scale. The other branch is thermodynamically unstable. The quantum process of tunneling between the cosmological solution branches and the kinetics of the second order RPT are investigated by numerical methods. Another quantum geometrodynamics process (bounce from singularity) is also taken into consideration. It is shown that the discussed phenomenon with the calculation of all RPTs from the GUT scale (1016 Gev) to the Salam-Weinberg scale (102 Gev) gives the new cosmological scenarios of the macroscopic Universe origin with the observable number of particles.

New Proposals to Conserve Life and Civilization

The preservation of life and Civilization on our planet is investigated in detail. Two proposals have been done in essence. It is shown that for the unity of stability and mutability a many poles world system is necessary. This system will be more effective than present one. The importance of the creation of center for study of the Future is noted. This center must support an ineffective activity of United Nation Organization (UNO) in some questions. The conservation of our planet for the future generations and the development of present Civilization on its must be the primary objective as a separate person, a separate state as and all mankind. But who thinks about it now.

If the parameters of the vacuum were different, what kind of Universe would we have? Self-organization of the vacuum

We have researched the Universe vacuum properties (vacuum self-organization) that is the problem of the cosmological constant. This problem can’t be solved in terms of the current quantum field theory which operates with Higgs and nonperturbative vacuum condensates and takes into account the changes of these condensates during relativistic phase transitions. The problem can’t be completely solved also in terms of the conventional global quantum theory: Wheeler-DeWitt quantum geometrodynamics does not describe the evolution of the Universe in time (relativistic phase transitions in particular). We have investigated this problem in the context of energies density of different vacuum subsystems characteristic scales of which pervaid all energetic scale of the Universe. The transformation of the cosmological constant in dynamical variable is inevitably. The change of vacuum parameters brings to catastrophic consequences for the Universe (the antropic principle).

The cosmological consequences of the preon structure of matter

If the preon structure of quarks, leptons and gauge bosons will be proved then in the Universe during a relativistic phase transition the production of nonperturbative preon condensates has occurred. Familons are collective excitations of these condensates. It is shown that the dark matter consisting of familon type pseudogoldstone bosons was undergone to two relativistic phase transitions temperatures of which were different. In the result of these phase transitions the structurization of dark matter and therefore the baryon subsystem had taken place. In the Universe two characteristic scales which have printed this phenomenon arise naturally.