Wilfried Hennings

Integration of surplus wind energy by controlled charging of electric vehicles

Electric vehicles in combination with intelligent charging algorithms are widely accepted to have the potential to enhance the share of renewable energies in the power system. Since wind energy is one of the most important renewable power sources in Germany, this paper projects available wind energy in the German transmission grid until 2030 and shows the ability of different electric vehicle fleet sizes to absorb surplus wind energy with respect to technical limits of the grid. Therefore, a model representing the German transmission grid in 2020 and 2030 has been built and different charging strategies have been applied. The results indicate that electric vehicle fleets have the potential to enhance the integration of wind energy in the transmission grid.

Comparative Risk Assessment: Concepts, Problems and Applications

Foreword. Acknowledgements. Summary. 1 Introduction. 2 Concepts and Definitions. 2.1 Risk. 2.2 Danger/Potential for Damage-Hazard. 2.3 Incertitude and Uncertainty. 2.4 Risk Assessment. 2.5 Risk Evaluation. 2.6 Risk Comparison. 2.7 Risk Management. 2.8 Risk Regulation. 2.9 Risk Communication. 3 CRA in Practice. 3.1 Political Environment of CRA. 3.1.1 CRA in the USA. 3.1.2 CRA in Europe. 3.1.3 CRA in Germany. 3.2 Project Case Studies. 3.2.1 US EPA Unfinished Business Project. 3.2.2 Comparative RiskFramework Methodology and Case Study(USEPA). 3.2.3 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. 3.2.4 ExternE Project. 3.2.5 Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Systems Project. 3.2.6 Classification of Carcinogenic Airborne Pollutants for the German TA Air Novella. 3.2.7 Summary. 4 The Empirical Foundations of CRA. 4.1 A Starting Point for Risk Comparisons. 4.2 Risk Comparisons as a Means of Risk Communication. 4.3 Procedural Challenges. 4.3.1 Framework: What is to be Kept in Mind when Determining the Systems Limit Options for CRA? 4.3.2 Risk Categories: What Inf luence Do They Have on Comparisons? 4.3.3 Attributes: What Inf luence Do They Have on Comparisons? 4.3.4 Assessment of the Attributes: What Inf luence Does the Measure of a Risk Have on Comparisons? 4.3.5 Comparisons: What Inf luence Does the Nature of the Comparison Have on the Comparison? 4.4 CRA Negotiations Under Conf lict. 4.4.1 Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Ones Own Position and Interests. 4.4.2 Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Other Parties. 4.4.3 Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Suggestions. 4.4.4 Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Outcomes. 5 Conceptual Framework for an Integrated Comparative Risk Evaluation. 5.1 Methodological Problems of a CRA. 5.1.1 Problem: Uncertainty and Incertitude. 5.1.2 Problem: Evaluative Criteria. 5.1.3 Consequences for the Conduct of a CRA. 5.2 Methodology of Comparative Risk Evaluation. 5.2.1 Multiattribute Risk Evaluation: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 5.2.2 Conduct of a Multiattribute Evaluation. 6 The Practical Implementation of CRA. 6.1 Limits of Comparability. 6.2 Goals of a Comparative Evaluation of Risks. 6.2.1 Preliminary Analysis. 6.2.2 Risk Assessment. 6.2.3 Risk Evaluation. 6.2.4 Risk Management. 6.3 Participation Models. 6.4 CRA Participants. 6.5 The Sequence of Events in a CRA. 6.6 The Organization of Communication. Appendix 1: Risk Metrics. Appendix 2: Multiattribute Comparative Risk Evaluation (MCRA). Appendix 3: Comparative Evaluation of Unclear Risks. Appendix 4: Comparative Evaluation of the Risks of Hazardous Incidents. References. Abbreviations of Organizations. Index.