William M. Hay

Direct and collateral changes in on-task and academic behavior resulting from on-task versus academic contingencies *

The relative efficacy of on-task and academic classroom contingencies was compared on the dependent measures of on-task behavior and rate and accuracy of academic performance. Five male elementary shcool students experienced baseline I, the on-task contingency, baseline II, and the academic contingency. Five other male elementary school student experienced baseline I, the academic contingency, baseline II, and the on-task contingency. The academic contingency was the more parsimonious intervention strategy, producing increments in both on-task behaviors and academic achievement. The on-task contingency increased on-task behaviors without concomitant academic improvements.

The adaptation of covert modeling procedures to the treatment of chronic alcoholism and obsessive-compulsive behavior: Two case reports

Covert modeling procedures were employed in the treatment of a 48-year-old male with a 30-year history of excessive alcohol consumption, and a 27-year-old female with a 6-year history of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The covert modeling procedure in the first case consisted of practicing in imagination appropriate responses to excessive drinking stimuli. Throughout the 11-month posthospitalization follow-up period, the subject remained almost totally abstinent and maintained full-time employment. In the second case, a multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the covert modeling procedure on each of the subjects obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The covert modeling procedure consisted of practicing in imagination appropriate behavior in situations where obsessive-compulsive behaviors had previously been exhibited. At 6-month follow-up, the subject was no longer engaging in the obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The therapeutic value of teaching the covert modeling procedure as a self-control technique was discussed.

Third party instigation of aggression as a function of attack and vulnerability

Abstract Subjects serving as advisors instructed a confederate which shock intensity to deliver to an opponent in a reaction-time competition; subjects could also directly aggress by setting shock for the opponents partner. Vulnerable subjects (shock electrode on) both instigated less aggression, i.e., suggested that less intense shocks be set, and directly aggressed less frequently than nonvulnerable subjects (no shock electrode). Attacked subjects, those for whom the opponents set shock, both instigated more aggression and more frequently set shock than did nonattacked subjects. The relationship between vulnerability and attack was additive for instigative aggression and multiplicative for direct aggression. Both modes of aggression were significantly influenced by the intensity of provocation from the opponents.

The effects of verbal and behavioral noncompliance on third party instigation of aggression

Abstract Females, assigned to one of four conditions defined in terms of a confederates behavior, suggested which shock intensity the confederate ought to set for an opponent during a reaction time competition, should the opponent lose the trial (had slower reaction time). Confederates either verbally complied or disagreed with suggestions to set high shock, while either actually setting the intensity suggested or setting a lower intensity. Over trials, the opponent became increasingly provocative. Results revealed the main effects and interaction of confederates verbal and actual behaviors, as well as provocativeness of the opponent, significantly influenced the level of shock subjects suggested. Subjects with verbally and behaviorally compliant confederates suggested more intense shock than subjects who encountered any noncompliance.

Chapter 25 – The Adaptation of Covert Modeling Procedures to the Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism and Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior: Two Case Reports*†

Covert modeling procedures were employed in the treatment of a 48-year-old male with a 30-year history of excessive alcohol consumption, and a 27-year-old female with a 6-year history of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The covert modeling procedure in the first case consisted of practicing in imagination appropriate responses to excessive drinking stimuli. Throughout the 11-month posthospitalization follow-up period, the subject remained almost totally abstinent and maintained full-time employment. In the second case, a multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the covert modeling procedure on each of the subjects obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The covert modeling procedure consisted of practicing in imagination appropriate behavior in situations where obsessive-compulsive behaviors had previously been exhibited. At 6-month follow-up, the subject was no longer engaging in the obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The therapeutic value of teaching the covert modeling procedure as a self-control technique was discussed.

The effects of verbal and motor noncooperation on instigative aggression

In two studies of third party instigation of aggression Gaebelein (1973a, 1973b) has demonstrated that the behavior of the potential aggressor can significantly influence the aggressiveness of the instigations. That is, a subject, in the role of advisor, suggested that significantly less intense shock be set for an opponent when the subject’s partner, a confederate, refused to set high shocks, as compared to the intensities suggested by a sub-