Wilton Silva Lopes

Tratamento anaeróbio de resíduos orgânicos com baixa concentração de sólidos

The process of anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes with low concentration of solids is accomplished with substratum containing on average about 5% (percentage in weight) of total solids. The problems of technical order associated to this kind of treatment, are related to the study of the reactors configurations that can make possible a good transformation efficiency of the organic matter in a relatively short period of time. Therefore, in this work it was studied the process of anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes with low concentration of solids in a compartmented anaerobic reactor (CAR). The compartmented anaerobic reactor had unitary capacity of 2200 liters. The reactor was fed daily with fresh organic solid wastes and with 90 days of solid retention time. The average efficiency of transformation of VTS was of 75% and the biogas produced contained on average 60% of methane gas.

The removal of ammonia from sanitary landfill leachate using a series of shallow waste stabilization ponds

This study evaluated the efficiency of a shallow (0.5 m deep) waste stabilization pond series to remove high concentrations of ammonia from sanitary landfill leachate. The pond system was located at EXTRABES, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Northeast Brazil. The pond series was fed with sanitary landfill leachate transported by road tanker to the experimental site from the sanitary landfill of the City of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba. The ammoniacal-N surface loading on the first pond of the series was equivalent to 364 kg ha(-1) d(-1) and the COD surface loading equivalent to 3,690 kg ha(-1) d(-1). The maximum mean ammonia removal efficiency was 99.5% achieved by the third pond in the series which had an effluent concentration of 5.3 mg L(-1) ammoniacal-N for an accumulative HRT of 39.5 days. The removal process was mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization (stripping) from the pond surfaces as a result of high surface pH values and water temperatures of 22-26°C. Shallow pond systems would appear to be a promising technology for stripping ammonia from landfill leachate under tropical conditions.

Tratamento de resíduos sólidos de centrais de abastecimento e feiras livres em reator anaeróbio de batelada

Significant quantity of organic solid waste with favorable characteristics for integral utilization in anaerobic biostabilization is produced in free markets and supply centers. The process is conducted in anaerobic batch reactors (ABR), with detention time of solids varying from 250 to 300 days, producing biogas with about 60% of methane, besides the partially biostabilized organic compost as the final product. In this study, the organic solid waste used was typically of vegetables, originated from the supply centers, free markets and sanitary wastewater sludge. The experimental system used was basically constituted of a batch anaerobic reactor of 2200 L capacity, besides the other complementary devices. The experimental system was installed and monitored during the period of January to September 2001 at the Experimental Station for Biological Treatment of Sanitary Sewage, located at Tambor, Campina Grande, in the State of Paraiba, Brazil. During the process of monitoring the systematic characterization of the solid, liquid and gaseous fractions were realized. After analyzing the data, the feasibility of this alternative treatment, was evidenced although the economic viability in comparison to other technological alternatives of treatment of organic solid waste remains to be tested.

Tratamento anaeróbio de resíduos sólidos orgânicos com alta e baixa concentração de sólidos

In this study the anaerobic treatment of organic solid waste with high and low concentrations of solids was studied. The experimental system comprised of two reactors, with unitary capacity of 2,200 L, while the used substrate was composed of solid vegetable waste and sludge. One of the reactors was loaded with substrate containing 20% of total solids and the other with only 5% of total solids on weight basis. It was verified that, for the substrate containing 5% of total solids, the retention time of solids required for 80% reduction of the applied COD mass was 90 days, during which the methane gas production rate was of 0.25 Nm3 kg-1 CODApplied; whereas in the substrate containing 20% of total solids, the retention time of solids required for biostabilization of 80% of the mass of applied COD was 270 days, with a methane gas production rate of 0.1 Nm3 CH4 kg-1 CODApplied.

Bioestabilização anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos orgânicos em reatores de batelada

O processo de bioestabilizacao anaerobio pode ser empregado para o tratamento de uma grande variedade de substratos, dentre os quais pode-se destacar os residuos solidos orgânicos. Neste trabalho, o processo de bioestabilizacao anaerobio foi utilizado, quando do tratamento de residuos solidos orgânicos putresciveis de origem urbana e rural. Os residuos de origem urbana eram constituidos, basicamente, de restos de fruta, verduras e folhagens, enquanto o rumen bovino era o residuo rural utilizado. As proporcoes de rumen empregadas foram de 5, 10 e 15% (percentagem em peso).O trabalho foi realizado em um sistema experimental, constituido basicamente por quatro reatores anaerobios de batelada, com capacidade unitaria de 20 L. A eficiencia do processo foi determinada tomando-se, como parâmetros avaliativos, os solidos totais volateis (STV), a demanda quimica de oxigenio (DQO) e o nitrogenio total Kjedhal (NTK). Salienta-se que este processo de tratamento bioestabiliza os residuos orgânicos putresciveis, tornando-os biodisponiveis de aplicacao nos solos, alem de produzir metano, que pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de energia para fins domesticos e industriais. A analise dos dados deste trabalho demonstra que o desempenho do processo de bioestabilizacao foi funcao do percentual de rumen utilizado.

Remoção de microcistina-LR de águas eutrofizadas por clarificação e filtração seguidas de adsorção em carvão ativado granular

Conventional treatment process of natural waters with high densities of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins usually presents low efficiency according to the present drinking water standard (maximum permissible value of 1.0 µg.L-1 of microcystin). Additional steps, such as activated carbon, commonly become necessary to achieve the maximum permissible value of microcystin (1.0 µg.L-1) set up by Brazilian Drinking Water Regulation 2914. In this context, the main objective of this work was to evaluate microcystin removal from natural waters by means of two granular activated carbons after clarification and sand filtration in bench scale. The results pointed out that the breakthrough happened in activated carbon with highest grain sizes in lower contact time (2 h) , when compared with that with smaller grain sizes. These results open the perspective of an application of the activated carbon in actual scale, assuring the treated water quality in compliance with the Brazilian Drinking Water Standards Regulation 2914.

Anaerobic treatment of organic wastes with low concentration of solids

The object of this study was to evaluate the use of a compartmented anaerobic reactor to treat organic solid waste with low concentration of solids. The reactor with a total capacity of 2.200 liters, divided into 6 equal chambers, was operated at a solid retention time of 90 days. The organic solids used to feed the reactor were comprised by vegetable residues and sanitary sludge in the proportion 80% and 20% respectively. The mixture of these two types of residues after the humidity correction to 95% (percentage by weight) was used to feed the reactor. The removal efficiency of carbonaceous material was approximately 80% at an organic loading of 9.3 kg residual organic solids m-3 d-1. The rate of biogas production was 5.6 L kg-1substrate (wet weight) with a methane concentration of 50% by volume.

Recovery of elemental sulphur from anaerobic effluents through the biological oxidation of sulphides

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biological oxidation of sulphide in two different UASB reactors by assessing the occurrence of oxidized forms of sulphur in the effluents and the amount of S0 that could be recovered in the process. The bioreactors employed were an anaerobic hybrid (AH) reactor employing porous polyurethane foam as support media and a micro-aerated UASB reactor equipped with an aeration device above the digestion zone. The AH reactor produced a final effluent containing low concentrations of S2– (3.87% of total sulphur load). It was achieved due to a complete oxidation of 56.1% of total sulphur. The partial biological oxidation that occurred in the AH reactor allowed the recovery of 30% of the sulphur load as S0. The effluent from the micro-aerated UASB reactor contained 5% of the sulphur load in the form of S2–, while 20.9% was present as dissolved SO42– and 46% was precipitated as S0. It is concluded that the AH reactor or micro-aeration carried out above the digestion zone of the UASB reactor favoured the biological oxidation of S2– and the release of odourless effluents. Both technologies represent feasible and low-cost alternatives for the anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage.

Co-digestão anaeróbia de substâncias surfactantes, óleo e lodo de esgoto

The present work had as objective investigate the viability of treating, through processes anaerobic substances surfactants, mineral oil and sewage sludge. For all the treatments the concentrations of organic matter were analyzed (COD) influent and effluent. The experimental system was monitored for 150 days. The volume and composition of the produced biogas were daily quantificated. Removals of filtered COD average were verified from 82% to the 18 days and for raw COD around 76% for the six treatments to the 100 dias.de operation. The methane production observed during the experimental period demonstrated that the different concentrations of present surfactants in the system were not shown toxicant enough to inhibit the methanogenic bacterias.

Dessorção de nitrogênio amoniacal de lixiviado de aterro sanitário em torres de recheio

Sanitary landfill leachates present high concentrations of carbonaceous and nitrogenous materials. The crucial point is that carbonaceous materials are of difficult biodegradation, what compromises the performance of biological treatment processes, while nitrogenous materials, such as ammonia nitrogen, probably preclude the use of biological treatments. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the desorption process of ammonia nitrogen from sanitary landfill leachate in filling towers. Desorption was carried out in filling towers of 35 L capacity. The leachate was collected from a sanitary landfill located in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba State, Brazil. Desorption efficiency for the pH values ​​adopted in four treatments was 93% minimum and 95.5% maximum, with aeration mean time ranging from 3 to 6 hours. The limiting factors of ammonia nitrogen desorption from sanitary landfill leachates in filling towers are associated with the use of alkalizer species for pH correction, and electricity costs for aeration.