Win Darmanto

Expression of Vimentin and GFAP Protein of Cerebral Cortex and Its Impact on Corticogenesis Disorder as a Result of 2-Methoxyethanol

Uno de los materiales a base de plastico, ampliamente utilizado en la industria en varios paises, es un ester de ftalato. Estos compuestos se oxidan en el cuerpo a 2-metoxietanol (2-ME). El efecto del 2-ME en la salud humana y el medio ambiente depende de la cantidad, duracion y frecuencia de exposicion. El 2-ME y sus metabolitos en el cuerpo puede danar las celulas y tejidos. El cuerpo puede ser expuesto al 2-ME a traves del aire, agua y suelo. Los resultados de Western blot mostraron que la proteina vimentina fue detectable en el grupo de control en GD-11 a 17, por su parte proteina GFAP fue detectable en el grupo de control en GD-12 a GD-18. Despues de la administracion de 2-ME, la expresion de la proteina vimentina cambio, y comenzo a detectarse en GD-12 hasta GD-18, mientras que la expresion de la proteina GFAP se inicio en GD-11 hasta GD-17. Los cambios en el momento de expresion de las proteinas vimentina y GFAP afectan produciendo trastornos de la corticogenesis. El trastorno causado por la existencia de estas proteinas como resultado de 2-metoxietanol a nivel del proceso corticogenesis fue en la subplaca y la placa cortical de la corteza cerebral del cerebro de fetos de ratones en GD-18. En general, se puede concluir que existen cambios en la expresion de las proteinas vimentina y GFAP causados por el 2-ME. La vimentina es muy importante durante el periodo de desarrollo del cerebro fetal. GFAP y vimentina son proteinas implicadas en la respuesta a los danos causados por un agente teratogenico, de modo que las celulas en la corteza cerebral presentan desdiferenciacion.

Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxic Activity Relationship 1-(Benzoyloxy)urea and Its Derivative

Drug development is originally carried out on a trial and error basis and it is cost-prohibitive. To minimize the trial and error risks, drug design is needed. One of the compound development processes to get a new drug is by designing a structure modification of the mother compound whose activities are recognized. A substitution of the mother compounds alters the physicochemical properties: lipophilic, electronic and steric properties. In Indonesia, one of medical treatments to cure cancer is through chemotherapy and hydroxyurea. Some derivatives, phenylthiourea, phenylurea, benzoylurea, thiourea and benzoylphenylurea, have been found to be anticancer drug candidates. To predict the activity of the drug compound before it is synthesized, the in-silico test is required. From the test, Rerank Score which is the energy of interaction between the receptor and the ligand molecule is then obtained. Hydroxyurea derivatives were synthesized by modifying Schotten-Baumann’s method by the addition of benzoyl group and its homologs resulted in the increase of lipophilic, electronic and steric properties, and cytotoxic activity. Synthesized compounds were 1-(benzoyloxy)urea and its derivatives. Structure characterization was obtained by the spectrum of UV, IR, H NMR, C NMR and Mass Spectrometer. Anticancer activity was carried out using MTT method on HeLa cells. The Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxic Activity Relationships of 1-(benzoyloxy)urea compound and its derivatives was calculated using SPSS. The chemical structure was described, namely: ClogP, π, σ, RS, CMR and Es; while, the cytotoxic activity was indicated by log (1 / IC50). The results show that the best equation of Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxic Activity Relationships (QSAR) of 1- (benzoyloxy)urea compound and its derivatives is Log 1/IC50 = - 0.205 (+ 0.068) σ – 0.051 (+ 0.022) Es – 1.911 (+ 0.020)

Western Blot Analysis and Immunostaining for Prediction of Embryotoxicity in Mus musculus

A broad range of research must be answered in order to gain a complete understanding of the histological and histochemical profile of teratological exposure in Mus musculus. Continued research is needed to track patterns of teratogen effects on the DNA expression of the embryonic brain and its variation impact. An important technique used in cell and molecular biology is Western blotting. By using a Western blot analysis and immunostaining, researchers are able to predict embryotoxicity in Mus musculus. The method uses three elements to accomplish this task: (1) Nonspecific antibody binding to a nitrocellulose membrane, (2) an incubation using a primary antibody, and (3) the antigen-antibody reaction using a secondary antibody. The proteins are further stained with a substrate/chromogen. In this chapter, the electrophoresis-based protein detection following mice embryonic exposure to a teratogen, 2-methoxyethanol, is described.

Crude Polysaccharides from Okra Pods (Abelmoschus esculentus) Grown in Indonesia Enhance the Immune Response due to Bacterial Infection

Okra pods were widely consumed by Indonesians to maintain health. The aim of this study was at investigating the potential of crude polysaccharides from okra pods on immune response in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty male Balb/C mice were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control, and treatment groups (administration of crude polysaccharides at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg). Crude polysaccharides were administrated for fourteen days. Furthermore, mice were exposed to S. aureus at the fifteenth day. Two weeks after the end of treatment, the parameters were measured. This study showed that crude polysaccharides at a dose of 75 and 100 mg/kg improved phagocytic activity, spleen index, and splenocytes proliferation. Rising of TNF-α levels was shown in groups treated with crude polysaccharides at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. All treatment groups showed a decreasing level of IL-17. Crude okra polysaccharides also showed a slight increase in NK cells activity and IFN-γ level. Thus, crude okra polysaccharides could act as an effective material to enhance immune response including phagocytic activity, spleen index, splenocytes proliferation, and control immune responses through cytokine production.

Spermatogenic structure and fertility of Mus musculus after exposure of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract

This study aimed to determine the effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp extract on spermatogenics number, seminiferous tubules sized, profile protein of epididymal and testicular sperm, and fertility of mice (Mus musculus). Fourty two male mice strain BALB/C was divided equally into 7 groups. The control group was given 0.05 ml of 0.05% CMC solution. Three group were given mangosteen pericarp extract at various doses (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively) for 7 days, while the other three groups were given the same extract dose for 35 days. Parameters evaluated on histological of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids, seminiferous tubule diameter, and thickness of germinal epithelium, analysis of testicular and epidydimal protein profile with SDS-Page, and than fertility test on female mice. The results showed that mangosteen pericarp extract at 75 and 100 mg/kg dose for 7 days had no effect on spermatogenics number and seminiferous tubule sizes, but the treatment dose of 150 mg/kg for 7 days and all treatment (doses of 75, 100, and 150 mg/kg) for 35 days led to significant decrease on the number of spermatogenics and seminiferous tubule sizes; effect on protein profiles testicular and epididymal sperm; and lower fertilization.