Windy Dryden

Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change

Methodology, Design, and Evaluation in Psychotherapy Research (A. Kazdin). Assessing Psychotherapy Outcomes and Processes (M. Lambert & C. Hill). The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin). The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy (M. Lambert & A. Bergin). Research on Client Variables in Psychotherapy (S. Garfield). Therapist Variables (L. Beutler, et al.). Process and Outcome in PsychotherapyNoch Einmal (D. Orlinsky, et al.). Behavior Therapy with Adults (P. Emmelkamp). Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (S. Hollon & A. Beck). Psychodynamic Approaches (W. Henry, et al.). Research on Experiential Psychotherapies (L. Greenberg, et al.). Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents (A. Kazdin). The Process and Outcome of Marital and Family Therapy: Reseach Review and Evaluation (J. Alexander, et al.). Experiential Group Research (R. Bednar & T. Kaul). Research on Brief Psychotherapy (M. Koss & J. Shiang). Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology (E. Blanchard). Medication and Psychotherapy (G. Klerman, et al.). Research on Psychotherapy with Culturally Diverse Populations (S. Sue, et al.). Overview, Trends, and Future Issues (A. Bergin & S. Garfield). Indexes.

Rational emotive behaviour therapy

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was founded in 1955 by Albert Ellis, a U.S. clinical psychologist. Originally trained as a psychoanalyst, Ellis was disappointed at the results he obtained from this form of therapy and after a period of experimentation in various therapeutic methods of the time, he brought together his early interests in a number of fields to form REBT. These fields included the practical application of philosophers such as Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, and Bertrand Russell who all stressed the importance of cognition in understanding human affairs and the work of the early behavior therapists such as John B. Watson and Mary Cover Jones whose ideas helped Ellis to overcome public speaking anxiety and fears of approaching women. Originally, Ellis called his approach Rational Therapy (RT) because he wanted to emphasize its rational and cognitive features, but in 1961, he changed its name to Rational-Emotive Therapy to show critics that it did not neglect emotions. Over 30 years later (in 1993), Ellis renamed the approach Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) to show critics that it did not neglect behavior. In 1962, Ellis published Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy, a collection of largely previously printed papers or previously delivered lectures, but which became a seminal work in the history of psychotherapy. Most of REBT’s major, present-day features are described in Ellis’s book, albeit some in embryonic form: the pivotal role of cognition in psychological disturbance, the principle of psychological interactionism where cognition, emotion, and behavior are seen as interacting, not separate systems, the advantages of self-acceptance over self-esteem in helping clients with their disturbed views of their self, the role that low frustration tolerance has in perpetuating psychological disturbance, and the importance of an active-directive therapeutic style to name but a few. Present-day features of REBT not found in this seminal book include its constructivistic and postmodern aspects.

Counselling in the United Kingdom: Past, present and future

We chart the development of counselling in Britain since the Second World War through to the present and speculate about possible directions counselling may take in the future. Our major, but not exclusive, focus is on counselling as a developing profession and the particular role that the British Association for Counselling has played in this development. To this end, we consider some of the professional issues that have preoccupied practitioners in the field and those that may do so in the future. Thus, amongst others, we consider the relationship between counselling and psychotherapy, the costs and benefits of counsellings increasing visibility in British society, the role that supervision has come to play in the maintenance of professional standards, the debate that has surrounded the issue of counsellor accreditation/registration, the development of standards and ethics and the tension that exists between the relational and technical aspects of counselling. Counselling does not exist in a vacuum, and this is seen most strikingly in the speculations that we make about future developments of counselling. Thus, for example, we argue that counselling will have to grapple with the increasing emphasis that society places on the accountability of human services and with the inexorable progress occurring in the area of technological development. We note that counsellings response to these significant trends will have to be made against the backdrop of the continuing dissolution of barriers between previously distinct areas of human knowledge .

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: Current Status

In this review of the current status of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), we consider two of Ellis’s strategies that have helped preserve REBT’s presence in the professional zeitgeist. We argue that REBT should be viewed as a unitary approach to cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and outline its distinctive theoretical and practical features. We acknowledge the reciprocal influence that REBT and CBT have had on one another and provide three examples of such influence. Finally, we provide a brief summary of the current status of REBT research.

Experiences of Counselling in Action

The Clients Experience of Counselling and Psychotherapy - John McLeod A Review of the Research Literature A Clients Experience of Failure - Laura Allen A Clients Experience of Success - Myra Grierson The Experience of Couple Counselling - Paul and Rosanne The Client Becomes a Counsellor - Brendan McLoughlin The Practitioners Experience of Counselling and Psychotherapy - John McLeod A Review of the Research Literature The Counsellors Experience of Failure - Dave Mearns The Counsellors Experience of Success - Dave Mearns My Experience of Counselling Couples - Senga Blackie What Might be Learned from these Experiences of Counselling in Action? - Dave Mearns and Windy Dryden

A dictionary of psychotherapy

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Why two, central REBT hypotheses appear untestable

This article argues that two of REBTs central hypotheses, the core and the primacy of the musts hypotheses, are untestable. One reason that these hypotheses are untestable concerns the interdependence principle that REBT maintains. This principle suggests that cognitions, emotions, and behaviour are part of an interdependent system, and as such, none of the three elements of that system can be measured separately from the others. Due to this interdependence principle, it cannot be established that cognitions are at the core of psychological disturbance and health (the core hypothesis); furthermore, the interdependence principle prevents the primacy of the musts hypothesis from being examined, as well. This hypothesis states that of the four irrational beliefs purported by REBT theory, musts are at the very core of psychological disturbance and the other three irrational beliefs are derived from these musts. Irrespective of the interdependence principle and the core hypothesis, the primacy of the musts hypothesis is also apparently untestable due to the current inability to measure musts adequately.

Self-disclosure in rational-emotive therapy.

In this chapter I will first outline briefly the basic principles of rationalemotive therapy; then consider how rational-emotive therapists view client and therapist self-disclosure; and, finally, deal with common obstacles to such self-disclosure and how these may be overcome.

Beliefs and inferences: A test of a rational-emotive hypothesis 1. Performing in an academic seminar

Subjects were asked to imagine that they were going to present an academic seminar. They were further asked to imagine (a) that they adhered to a rational belief or an irrational belief; (b) that they had made or had not made an effort in preparing for the seminar and (c) that their performance counted or did not count towards their final examination grade. Whilst in role, subjects were asked to make inferences about various aspects of their performance and the responses of others. While the results supported the hypothesis that imagining that one is holding an irrational belief leads to more negative inferences than holding a rational belief, it was also found that not making an effort in preparing for the siminar led subjects to make more negative inferences than making an effort. In addition, there were several two-way and three-way significant interactions between the independent variables. The results supported Elliss (1985) recent formulation concerning the complex relationship between events and inferences (A), beliefs (B) and emotional and behavioral consequences of beliefs (C).

Testing a Rebt Theory: The Effects of Rational Beliefs, Irrational Beliefs, and Their Control or Certainty Contents on the Functionality of Inferences: I. In a Social Context

This article presents two experiments that examine the validity of REBTs suggestion that contents do not influence the effect that rational and irrational beliefs (beliefs) have on the functionality of inferences (FI). Specifically, two role-playing experiments indicated that control and certainty contents that refer to rational and irrational beliefs influence the effect that those beliefs have on the FI. This finding was demonstrated when beliefs and their contents referred to either ones self or other people in a social context. Based upon the results of these two experiments, it may be prudent for REBT to modify its hypothesis that contents do not influence the effects that rational and irrational beliefs have on the FI. Specifically, it may wish to hypothesise that beliefs interact with contents to affect the FI.