Włodzimierz Krzesiński

Effect of temperature on the yield and quality of broccoli heads.

Effect of Temperature on the Yield and Quality of Broccoli Heads The effect of temperature on the yield and quality of broccoli heads was determined. The study involved three cultivars: Cruiser, Skiff and Fiesta. The seedlings were planted on five different dates in 1995 and 1996, nine in 1997 and eight in 1998. The length of time from planting to the first harvest for all the 27 cultivation periods was divided into three equal parts determining in this way three phases of growth. The time of harvest was defined as the fourth phase. Temperatures on a scale from 0°C to 40°C were divided into five-degree ranges. Then, for the four growth phases, correlations were determined between the number of hours at a temperature in the five-degree ranges and the total yield, the percentage of loose heads and the percentages of heads with uneven surface or non-uniform buds. The length of time at a temperature in the range of 15-25°C during the first growth phase after planting and the phase preceding harvest had the greatest influence on total yield. Longer times at temperatures above 20°C contributed to smaller yields. The longer was the length of time at a temperature ranging from 20 to 25°C during the phase preceding harvest and at a temperature ranging from 5 to 15°C during harvest, the lower the percentage of heads with uneven surface was observed. Longer periods with temperatures above 20°C at harvest time contributed to the loosening of heads. Wpływ Temperatury na Wielkość i Jakość Plonu Brokuła Przeprowadzono analizę wpływu temperatury na wielkość i jakość plonu brokuła, Badaniami objęto trzy odmiany: Cruiser, Skiff i Fiesta, Rozsadę posadzono w pięciu terminach w latach 1995 i 1996, w dziewięciu w roku 1997 oraz w ośmiu terminach w roku 1998, Długość okresu od sadzenia do pierwszego zbioru w każdym z 27 terminów uprawy podzielono na trzy równe odcinki, wyznaczając w ten sposób trzy okresy wzrostu, Jako czwarty okres wzrostu wyznaczono okres zbiorów, Temperaturę w przedziale od 0°C do 40°C podzielono na pięciostopniowe zakresy, następnie obliczono korelacje między liczbą godzin temperatury w poszczególnych pięciostopniowych zakresach, występującą w czterech okresach wzrostu roślin, a wielkością plonu ogólnego oraz udziałem róż z nierówną powierzchnią, o niewyrównanych pąkach i luźnych. Największy wpływ na wielkość plonu miał czas trwania temperatury w zakresie 15-25°C w pierwszym okresie po posadzeniu roślin oraz w okresie poprzedzającym zbiór. Dłuższy okres występowania temperatury powyżej 20°C w okresie zbiorów sprzyjał uzyskaniu niższego plonu. Im dłuższy był czas występowania temperatury w granicach 20-25°C w okresie poprzedzającym zbiór oraz temperatury w zakresie 5-15°C w czasie zbioru róż, tym mniejszy był udział róż z nierówną powierzchnią, Występowanie przez dłuższy czas temperatury powyżej 20°C w okresie zbiorów sprzyjało rozluźnianiu się róż.

Changes in Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Contents in Storage Roots of Asparagus During Vegetation Period

Changes in Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Contents in Storage Roots of Asparagus During Vegetation Period The objective of the field experiment conducted during 2000-2002 was to determine changes in glucose, fructose and sucrose contents in storage roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cv. ‘Thielim’ during vegetation period. The aim of the study was also to estimate the correlation between yield and the content of carbohydrates. Sum of glucose, fructose and sucrose contents (GFS) and sucrose contents in storage roots of asparagus decreased at the beginning and increased at the end of harvest. Generally glucose and fructose for carbohydrate contents increased, while that of sucrose decreased. A possitive correlation was observed for sucrose and GFS between asparagus spears and storage roots (r=0.821 and r=0.641, respectively). A negative correlation between the yield of spears and glucose, sucrose and GFS contents in storage roots was found (r=0.595, r=0.624, r=0.794, respectively). Positive correlations were found between total yield during harvest and year of cropping, average GFS content in storage roots during harvest, sum of radiation during harvest, while negative correlation between total yield and sum of average daily air temperature during harvest was found. Zmiany Zawartości Glukozy, Fruktozy I Sacharozy W Korzeniach Spichrzowych Szparaga W Okresie Wegetacji Celem doświadczenia polowego prowadzonego w latach 2000-2002 było określenie zmian zawartości glukozy, fruktozy i sacharozy w korzeniach spichrzowych szparaga (Asparagus officinalis L.) odmiany Thielim w okresie wegetacji. Dodatkowo jako cel postawiono określenie korelacji pomiędzy plonem a zawartością cukrów. Zawartość sacharozy oraz GFS (suma zawartości glukozy, fruktozy i sacharozy) w korzeniach spichrzowych szparaga malała na początku i wzrastała na końcu zbiorów. Zawartość glukozy i fruktozy natomiast wzrastała, podczas spadku zawartości sacharozy. Potwierdzono dodatnie korelacje pomiędzy zawartością cukrów w korzeniach (sacharoza i GFS) a ich zawartością w wypustkach (odpowiednio r=0.821 i r=0.641). Ujemne korelacje potwierdzono pomiędzy plonem szparaga a zawartością glukozy, sacharozy i GFS w korzeniach spichrzowych (odpowiednio r=0.595, r=0.624, r=0.794). Stwierdzono także dodatnią zależność plonu ogólnego szparaga z całego okresu zbiorów od roku zbiorów, średniej zawartości sumy cukrów (GFS) w korzeniach i sumy radiacji w czasie zbiorów, a ujemną od sumy średnich dobowych temperatur w trakcie zbiorów.

Plant age effect on asparagus yielding in terms of carbohydrate balance.

Abstract In order to examine the effect of plant age on asparagus yielding, the number and weight of spears were analyzed. The experiment was carried out on 1-, 4- and 7-year-old plants in the aeroponic system with recirculation. The results showed that the spear number and thus also the yield were not plant age dependent, while spear diameter and their weight were. Taking into account both crown weight and the age of plants, a 26% variation in spear diameter and a 27% variation in mean spear weight were explained. Determination of dry weight and carbohydrate contents in storage roots showed these traits to be independent of asparagus plant age, except for total carbohydrate content per plant. During harvest dry weight, % Brix, sucrose, fructan and total carbohydrates contents losses were also recorded.

Yielding of Asparagus Depending on Harvest Ending Date

Yielding of Asparagus Depending on Harvest Ending Date The field experiment focused on the determination of yielding of asparagus cv. ‘Thielim’ in relation to harvest duration: traditional (until June 20th), shortened (June 10th) and prolonged (30th June) harvests. The variation in harvest ending dates did not have a significant influence on the total, marketable and non-marketable yields as well as on the crown weight and the number of storage roots. However, the extension of harvest time until June 30th resulted in an increase in the number of spears in the total and marketable yields, accompanied by a decrease in their diameter. Also prolonging harvest affected negatively the summer stalk size. During harvest until June 10th asparagus plants probably did not use their full yielding potential, because of too short harvest time. It resulted in increased height, weight, light absorption of summer stalks, leaf area index (LAI) and the total of cross-section areas of summer stalks (PPPA) with no significant differences in yield. Plonowanie Szparaga w Zależności od Długości Okresu Zbiorów Doświadczenie polowe prowadzono w celu określenia wpływu terminu zakończenia zbiorów na plonowanie szparaga odmiany ‘Thielim’ w trakcie zbioru tradycyjnego (do 20 czerwca), skróconego (do 10 czerwca) i wydłużonego (do 30 czerwca). Wykazano, że termin zakończenia zbiorów nie wpływał na plon handlowy i niehandlowy szparaga, jak również na masę karpy i liczbę korzeni spichrzowych. Wydłużenie zbiorów do 30 lipca powodowało jednak wzrost liczby wypustek w plonie ogólnym i handlowym oraz obniżenie ich średnicy. Wydłużenie zbiorów wpływało również negatywnie na wielkość pędów asymilacyjnych. W czasie zbiorów szparaga prowadzonych do 10 czerwca potencjał plonotwórczy rośliny nie został w pełni wykorzystany, z powodu zbyt krótkiego okresu zbiorów. W rezultacie zwiększyła się: masa, wysokość oraz absorpcja światła pędów asymilacyjnych, indeks powierzchni liści oraz suma przekrojów poprzecznych pędów asymilacyjnych bez istotnych różnic w wielkości plonu.

Suitability Of Sixteen Asparagus Cultivars For Growing In Polish Environmental Conditions

Abstract Green spear yield of 16 asparagus cultivars originating from six countries was assessed from 2011 to 2013. There were considerable differences in total, marketable and early yields between the cultivars. The quality of harvested spears also varied remarkably. On average, the highest mean total and marketable yields from 3 years of investigation came from Dutch cultivars ‘Gijnlim’ and ‘Cumulus’ and German cv. ‘Mondeo’. The lowest yields were found in New Zealand cultivars ‘Pacific Challenger’ and ‘Pacific 2000’. The greatest mean marketable spear weight was recorded for ‘Cumulus’, whereas the smallest spear weight was obtained from ‘Pacific 2000’, ‘H666’ and ‘NJ 953’. Cultivars ‘Gijnlim’, ‘Cumulus’ and ‘Mondeo’ produced the highest early yields, while ‘Pacific 2000’ and ‘Pacific Challenger’ produced the lowest. In order to determine the dependence between summer stalks size of tested cultivars in the preceding year and their yields in the following year, regression equations and their correlation coefficients were estimated. The size of summer stalks was expressed as plant growth index, which was the multiplication of height and total cross-sectional area of summer stalks. There was a significant and positive correlation between plant growth index of tested cultivars and their yields in the next vegetation period. The correlation coefficients between these two parameters amounted to 0.62 and 0.68 in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, respectively

Effect of temperature on the growth of broccoli (brassica oleracea l. var. italica plenck) cv. fiesta

Summary Three-year studies on the influence of temperature on vegetative growth and growth of broccoli heads (Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. Fiesta) were carried out at the Experimental Station “Marcelin” of Poznań University of Life Sciences in Poland. The relationship between temperature sum day-degree, number and area of leaves as well as head diameter was estimated. Likewise relationship between number and area of leaves and head diameter was established. The correlations were described using linear, curvilinear and segment linear regression. The relationship between temperature sum day-degree and number of leaves was linear, whereas the correlation between temperature and area of leaves and head diameter was curves function. On the basis of segment linear regression it was found that in the period when slow growth of heads was observed (the size of up to about 1.5 cm), the area of leaves increased the fastest. It occurred between the 24th and 27th day after planting. The fastest growth of broccoli heads was noted, when the plant had about 18 leaves and area 4900 cm2. In the period of rapid head growth, the increase of sum temperature of 100 day-degree resulted in head diameter increase by 3.5 cm. Streszczenie Doświadczenie, którego celem było określenie wpływu temperatury na wzrost brokuła, przeprowadzono w Katedrze Warzywnictwa Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu w latach 1997-1999. Określono zależność między sumą temperatury a liczbą i powierzchnią liści oraz średnicą róży. Scharakteryzowano również zależność między liczbą i powierzchnią liści, a średnicą róży. Na podstawie regresji segmentowej stwierdzono, że w okresie wolnego wzrostu róży, następował najszybszy przyrost powierzchni liści, tj. między 24 a 27 dniem po posadzeniu. Najszybszy przyrost średnicy róży stwierdzono, gdy rośliny miały około 18 liści o powierzchni 4900 cm2. W okresie szybkiego przyrostu średnicy róży, przyrost sumy temperatury o każde 100 stopniodni powodował przyrost średnicy róży o 3,5 cm

Variability of Economic Traits of 28 Cultivars of Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Variability of Economic Traits of 28 Cultivars of Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) The research which aim was to characterise variability of economic traits of 28 asparagus cultivars was carried out in the Marcelin Experiment Station in the years 2004-2008. Variability of total and marketable yields, the mean weight of green spears as well as plant survival of all the 28 cultivars and separately of nine German and Dutch cultivars was evaluated. In addition, variability between harvest years of individual cultivars for total and marketable yields, mean spear weight in five and spear thickness in three selected harvest years was characterised. Variability between cultivars was found greater with respect to marketable and total yields expressed in the weight of harvested spears and smaller with respect to mean spear weight and total yield expressed in the number of harvested spears. Less productive cultivars exhibited the least consistent yields between individual harvest years and the worst plant survival. Higher yield consistency, mean spear weight and plant survival were observed in the group of German and Dutch cultivars. Zmienność Cech Użytkowych 28 Odmian Szparaga (Asparagus officinalis L.) Doświadczenie, którego celem było scharakteryzowanie zmienności cech użytkowych 28 odmian szparaga w uprawie na zielone wypustki przeprowadzono w Katedrze Warzywnictwa Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu w latach 2004-2008. Określono zmienność pod względem wielkości plonu ogólnego, handlowego, średniej masy wypustki i przeżywalności roślin dla 28 odmian łącznie oraz osobno dla odmian niemieckich i holenderskich. Ponadto scharakteryzowano zmienność między latami zbiorów u poszczególnych odmian dla wielkości plonu ogólnego, handlowego i średniej masy wypustki w pięciu oraz grubości wypustek w trzech wybranych latach zbioru. Stwierdzono większe zróżnicowanie odmian pod względem plonu handlowego i ogólnego wyrażonego masą zebranych wypustek a mniejsze pod względem średniej masy wypustki i plonu ogólnego wyrażonego liczbą zebranych wypustek. Odmiany mniej plenne miały najmniej wyrównany plon między poszczególnymi latami zbioru i najmniejszą przeżywalność roślin. Większe wyrównanie plonu, średniej masy wypustki i przeżywalności było u grupy odmian niemieckich i holenderskich.

Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Diverse Cauliflower Cultivars under Mild and Severe Drought Involves Impaired Coordination of Transcriptomic and Proteomic Response and Regulation of Various Multifunctional Proteins

The early generative phase of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) curd ripening is 21 sensitive to the water deficit. Mitochondrial responses under drought within Brassica genus are 22 poorly understood. The main goal of this study was to investigate the mitochondrial biogenesis of 23 three cauliflower cultivars varying with drought tolerance. Diverse quantitative changes 24 (down-regulations mostly) in the mitochondrial proteome were assayed by 2D PAGE coupled with 25 LC-MS/MS. Respiratory (e.g. CII, CIV and ATP synthase subunits), transporter (including diverse 26 porin isoforms) and matrix multifunctional proteins (e.g. components of RNA editing machinery) 27 appeared diversely affected in their abundance under two drought levels. Western immunoassays 28 showed also cultivar-specific responses of selected mitochondrial proteins. Dehydrin-related 29 tryptic peptides found in few 2D spots that appeared immunopositive with dehydrin-specific 30 antisera highlighted the relevance of mitochondrial dehydrin-like proteins for the drought 31 response. The level of selected messengers participating in drought response was also determined. 32 We conclude that the mitochondrial biogenesis was strongly, but diversely affected in various 33 cauliflower cultivars and associated with drought tolerance on the proteomic and functional levels. 34 However, transcriptomic and proteomic regulations were largely uncoordinated due to the 35 suggested altered availability of messengers for translation, mRNA/ribosome interactions and/or 36 miRNA impact on transcript abundance and translation. 37

Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Diverse Cauliflower Cultivars under Mild and Severe Drought. Impaired Coordination of Selected Transcript and Proteomic Responses, and Regulation of Various Multifunctional Proteins

Mitochondrial responses under drought within Brassica genus are poorly understood. The main goal of this study was to investigate mitochondrial biogenesis of three cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cultivars with varying drought tolerance. Diverse quantitative changes (decreases in abundance mostly) in the mitochondrial proteome were assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Respiratory (e.g., complex II, IV (CII, CIV) and ATP synthase subunits), transporter (including diverse porin isoforms) and matrix multifunctional proteins (e.g., components of RNA editing machinery) were diversely affected in their abundance under two drought levels. Western immunoassays showed additional cultivar-specific responses of selected mitochondrial proteins. Dehydrin-related tryptic peptides (found in several 2D spots) immunopositive with dehydrin-specific antisera highlighted the relevance of mitochondrial dehydrin-like proteins for the drought response. The abundance of selected mRNAs participating in drought response was also determined. We conclude that mitochondrial biogenesis was strongly, but diversely affected in various cauliflower cultivars, and associated with drought tolerance at the proteomic and functional levels. However, discussed alternative oxidase (AOX) regulation at the RNA and protein level were largely uncoordinated due to the altered availability of transcripts for translation, mRNA/ribosome interactions, and/or miRNA impact on transcript abundance and translation.

Cold and Heat Stress Diversely Alter Both Cauliflower Respiration and Distinct Mitochondrial Proteins Including OXPHOS Components and Matrix Enzymes

Complex proteomic and physiological approaches for studying cold and heat stress responses in plant mitochondria are still limited. Variations in the mitochondrial proteome of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) curds after cold and heat and after stress recovery were assayed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) in relation to mRNA abundance and respiratory parameters. Quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial proteome revealed numerous stress-affected protein spots. In cold, major downregulations in the level of photorespiratory enzymes, porine isoforms, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and some low-abundant proteins were observed. In contrast, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, heat-shock proteins, translation, protein import, and OXPHOS components were involved in heat response and recovery. Several transcriptomic and metabolic regulation mechanisms are also suggested. Cauliflower plants appeared less susceptible to heat; closed stomata in heat stress resulted in moderate photosynthetic, but only minor respiratory impairments, however, photosystem II performance was unaffected. Decreased photorespiration corresponded with proteomic alterations in cold. Our results show that cold and heat stress not only operate in diverse modes (exemplified by cold-specific accumulation of some heat shock proteins), but exert some associations at molecular and physiological levels. This implies a more complex model of action of investigated stresses on plant mitochondria.