Wolfgang Lefèvre

The power of images in early modern science

I. Mechanics Between Practical and Theoretical Knowledge and the Mediatory Function of Images.- The Challenging Images of Artillery: Practical Knowledge at the Roots of the Scientific Revolution.- Ships, Science and the Three Traditions of Early Modern Design.- Art and Artifice in the Depiction of Renaissance Machines.- The Limits of Pictures: Cognitive Functions of Images in Practical Mechanics - 1400 to 1600.- Reframing the Language of Inventions: The First Theatre of Machines.- II. Theories of Matter Between Alchemy and Atomism and the Autonomy of Images.- Alchemical Iconography at the Dawn of the Modern Age: The Splendor solis of Salomon Trismosin.- The Invention of Atomist Iconography.- III. The Classification of Life and the Interaction Between Images and Texts.- Image and Text in Natural History, 1500-1700.- Notes on the Function of Early Zoological Imagery.- Elephant, Mammoth, Unicorn, or What?: Notes on the Interrelations of Pictures and Texts in Leibniz.- IV. Depicting the World at Large and the Hidden Potential of Images.- Planetary Diagrams - Descriptions, Models, Theories: From Carolingian Deployments to Copernican Debates.- Images, Models and Symbols in Copernican Propaganda.- Edmond Halley and Visual Representation in Natural Philosophy.- V. Systems of Knowledge and their Representation by Images.- Encyclopaedias and Architecture in the Sixteenth Century.- The Mathematical Sciences in Raphaels School of Athens.

Science as Labor

The article takes the term technoscience literally and investigates a conception of science that takes it not only as practice, but as production in the sense of a material labor process. It will explore in particular the material connection between science and ordinary production. It will furthermore examine how the historical development of science as a social enterprise was shaped by its technoscientific character. In this context, in an excursus, the prevailing notion will be questioned that social relations must be conceived of as pure interactions. Finally, the article will go into the relationship between the epistemic dimension of science and its technoscientific character.

Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture

The design, construction and fabrication of complex two- and three-dimensional shapes in civil and naval architecture have always been a particularly demanding part of the art of engineering. This volume presents a comparative knowledge history in these two distinct branches of construction engineering.

The Méthode de nomenclature chimique (1787) : a document of transition

The Méthode de nomenclature chimique, published by the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1787, is rightly praised as a landmark in the history of early modern chemistry. It is also – though less rightly – considered to be a fruit of Lavoisier’s Chemical Revolution. In fact, main features of the Méthode’s nomenclatural and classificatory proposal rest on fundamental chemical conceptions that were shared by adherents of the phlogistic chemical system as well. After a short presentation of the Méthode’s four authors (Berthollet, Fourcroy, Guyton de Morveau, and Lavoisier) and the circumstances of their collaboration, my paper will focus on those features of the Méthode that illuminate decisive achievements of the entire community of eighteenth-century chemists, as well as those features that reveal an unsettled state of many of its convictions.

Review of: Gibson, Susannah: Animal, vegetable, mineral? How eighteenth-century science disrupted the natural order. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015

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Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Nach abgebrochener Priesterausbildung und abgebrochener Militarkarriere ab 1766 Medizinstudium in Paris; Bekanntschaft mit fuhrenden Naturalisten im Umkreis des Jardin des Plantes; 1779 erstes naturwissenschaftliches Werk Flore francois; 1793 Professur fur Zoologie am neuen Musee Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris; 1793–1802 zahlreiche Veroffentlichungen in Chemie, Geologie, Meteorologie und Physiologie; 1809 Philosophie zoologique; 1815–1822 das zoologische Hauptwerk Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres.

Darwin, Marx, and Warranted Progress

No doubt, it was a sign of not little civil courage if one dared to voice such thoughts in the Germany of 1863. More remarkable, however, is the identity of the person who uttered them and the occasion he chose to deliver such a statement. The sentences quoted are from the opening address to the 38th Conference of German Natural Researchers and Physicians (Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte), given by the morphologist and embryologist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). The topic of his speech was, of course, not the political situation of the German states still shaped by the restoration following the failed revolution of 1848. Rather, he was talking about the theory of evolution that Charles Darwin (1809–1882) had published in his Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection from 1859. Haeckel was at that time the most active and influential German propagandist of Darwin’s theory, which had already stirred many disputes in Germany, among scientists as well as within the broader public, by the early 1860s.2 But, as the quotation shows, what Haeckel also propagated was the belief that Darwin had established and proved a “law of progress” for the realm of living beings and furthermore, that this law ruled the history of mankind.

Natural or Artificial Systems

Natural classification or how to devise a natural system of classification was a prominent subject of controversy among naturalists of the eighteenth century. Classificatory work itself was one of the most important occupations of the naturalists of the time among whom we encounter such famous figures as Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Georges-Louis Leclerc Buffon (1707–1788), Michel Adanson (1727–1806), Antoin Laurent Jussieu (1748–1836), and Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829). Though every new botanical and zoological system was dismissed upon further biological1 insight, biologists and historians of biology take the classificatory efforts of these men to be crucial steps on the way towards modern taxonomy. How much eighteenth-century classificatory principles are still part of present thinking in biology is shown by the frequency with which eighteenth-century naturalists are invoked as forerunners of modern convictions or as original sources of combatted doctrines in today’s controversies on various topics of biological systematics.2