Xiang-Shan Kong

Structure and optically pumped lasing from nanocrystalline ZnO thin films prepared by thermal oxidation of ZnS thin films

In this article, we observe the optically pumped lasing from the high-quality nanocrystalline ZnO thin films obtained by thermal oxidation of ZnS thin films, which were grown on SiO2 substrates by low-pressure-metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that high-quality ZnS films possess a preferred (111) orientation. ZnS has a transformation to ZnO at an annealing temperature (Ta) of 500 °C, and fully transforms into ZnO at Ta⩾700 °C from the XRD patterns. The obtained ZnO films possess a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure. The fifth-order Raman scattering is observed in the films, which indicates that a large deformation energy exists in the lattice. In photoluminescence (PL), spectra, for all the samples with different annealing temperatures, the near-band-edge (NBE) PL peak has a pronounced blueshift with increasing annealing temperature, while the full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreases gradually. We think that emissions of the bound ...

Dissolving, trapping and detrapping mechanisms of hydrogen in bcc and fcc transition metals

First-principles calculations are performed to investigate the dissolving, trapping and detrapping of H in six bcc (V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W) and six fcc (Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au) metals. We find that the zero-point vibrations do not change the site-preference order of H at interstitial sites in these metals except Pt. One vacancy could trap a maximum of 4 H atoms in Au and Pt, 6 H atoms in V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Ni, Pd, Cu and Ag, and 12 H atoms in Mo and W. The zero-point vibrations never change the maximum number of H atoms trapped in a single vacancy in these metals. By calculating the formation energy of vacancy-H (Vac-Hn) complex, the superabundant vacancy in V, Nb, Ta, Pd and Ni is demonstrated to be much more easily formed than in the other metals, which has been found in many metals including Pd, Ni and Nb experimentally. Besides, we find that it is most energetically favorable to form Vac-H1 complex in Pt, Cu, Ag and Au, Vac-H4 in Cr, Mo and W, and Vac-H6 in V, Nb, Ta, Pd and Ni. At last, we examine the detr...

Clustering of H and He, and their effects on vacancy evolution in tungsten in a fusion environment

The behaviours of hydrogen and helium in tungsten are vitally important in fusion research because they can result in the degradation of the material. In the present work, we carry out density-functional theory calculations to investigate the clustering of hydrogen and helium atoms at interstitial sites, vacancy and small vacancy clusters (Vacm, m = 2, 3), and the influence of hydrogen and helium on vacancy evolution in tungsten. We find that hydrogen atoms are extremely difficult to aggregate at interstitial sites to form a stable cluster in tungsten. However, helium atoms are energetically favourable to cluster together in a close-packed arrangement between (1 1 0) planes forming helium monolayer structure, where the helium atoms are not perfectly in one plane. Both hydrogen and helium prefer to aggregate stably in vacancy and small vacancy cluster forming VacmXn (X = H, He). The concentrations of VacmHn (m = 1) clusters relative to temperature are evaluated through the law of mass action. The present calculations also show that the emission of a 〈1 1 1〉 dumbbell self-interstitial atom (SIA) from Hen to form VacHen and from VacHen to form Vac2Hen may take place for n > 5 and n > 9, respectively. According to the present results, we predict that a helium monolayer structure could nucleate for He atom platelet lying on (1 1 0) plane in tungsten, and the helium platelet formation on (1 1 0) plane in molybdenum observed by the experiment may be due to the initial monolayer arrangement of He atoms at interstitial sites. Meanwhile, our results contribute to the understanding for nucleation and the development of the voids and blisters in tungsten that are observed in the experiments.

Effects of alloying and transmutation impurities on stability and mobility of helium in tungsten under a fusion environment

The behaviour of helium in metals is particularly significant in fusion research due to the He-induced degradation of materials. A small amount of impurities introduced either by intentional alloying or by transmutation reactions, will interact with He and lead the microstructure and mechanical properties of materials to change. In this paper, we present the results of first-principles calculations on the interactions of He with impurities and He diffusion around them in tungsten (W), including the interstitials Be, C, N, O, and substitutional solutes Re, Ta, Tc, Nb, V, Os, Ti, Si, Zr, Y and Sc. We find that the trapping radii of interstitial atoms on He are much larger than those of substitutional solutes. The binding energies between the substitutional impurities and He increase linearly with the relative charge densities at the He occupation site, indicating that He atoms easily aggregate at the low charge density site. The sequence of diffusion energy barriers of He around the possible alloying elements is Ti > V > Os > Ta > Re. The present results suggest that Ta might be chosen as a relatively suitable alloying element compared with other possible ones.

First principles study of intrinsic defects in hexagonal tungsten carbide

Abstract The characteristics of intrinsic defects are important for the understanding of self-diffusion processes, mechanical strength, brittleness, and plasticity of tungsten carbide, which are present in the divertor of fusion reactors. Here, we use first-principles calculations to investigate the stability of point defects and their complexes in tungsten carbide. Our results confirm that the defect formation energies of carbon are much lower than that of tungsten and reveal the carbon vacancy to be the dominant defect in tungsten carbide. The C C dimer configuration along the dense a direction is the most stable configuration of carbon interstitial defect. The results of carbon defect diffusion show that the carbon vacancy stay for a wide range of temperature because of extremely high diffusion barriers, while carbon interstitial migration is activated at lower temperatures for its considerably lower activation energy. Both of them prefer to diffusion in carbon basal plane.

First-principles calculations of transition metal solute interactions with hydrogen in tungsten

We have performed systematic first-principles calculations to predict the interaction between transition metal (TM) solutes and hydrogen in the interstitial site as well as the vacancy in tungsten. We showed that the site preference of the hydrogen atom is significantly influenced by the solute atoms, which can be traced to the charge density perturbation in the vicinity of the solute atom. The solute-H interactions are mostly attractive except for Re, which can be well understood in terms of the competition between the chemical and elastic interactions. The chemical interaction dominates the solute-H interaction for the TM solutes with a large atomic volume and small electronegativity compared to tungsten, while the elastic interaction is primarily responsible for the solute-H interaction for the TM solutes with a small atomic volume and large electronegativity relative to tungsten. The presence of a hydrogen atom near the solute atom has a negative effect on the binding of other hydrogen atoms. The large positive binding energies among the solute, vacancy and hydrogen suggest that they would easily form a defect cluster in tungsten, where the solute-vacancy and vacancy-H interaction contribute greatly while the solute-H interaction contributes a little. Our result provides a sound theoretical explanation for recent experimental phenomena of hydrogen retention in the tungsten alloy and further recommends a suitable W–Re–Ta ternary alloy for possible plasma-facing materials (PFMs) including the consideration of the hydrogen retention.

Bubble growth from clustered hydrogen and helium atoms in tungsten under a fusion environment

Bubbles seriously degrade the mechanical properties of tungsten and thus threaten the safety of nuclear fusion devices, however, the underlying atomic mechanism of bubble growth from clustered hydrogen and helium atoms is still mysterious. In this work, first-principles calculations are therefore carried out to assess the stability of tungsten atoms around both hydrogen and helium clusters. We find that the closest vacancy-formation energies of interstitial hydrogen and helium clusters are substantially decreased. The first-nearest and second-nearest vacancy-formation energies close to vacancy–hydrogen clusters decrease in a step-like way to ~0, while those close to vacancy–helium clusters are reduced almost linearly to ~−5.46 eV when atom number reaches 10. The vacancy-formation energies closest to helium clusters are more significantly reduced than those nearest to hydrogen clusters, whatever the clusters are embedded at interstitial sites or vacancies. The reduction of vacancy-formation energies results in instability and thus emission of tungsten atoms close to interstitial helium and vacancy–helium clusters, which illustrates the experimental results, that the tungsten atoms can be emitted from the vicinity of vacancy–helium clusters. In addition, the emission of unstable tungsten atoms close to hydrogen clusters may become possible once they are disturbed by the environment. The emission of tungsten atoms facilitates the growth and evolution of hydrogen and helium clusters and ultimately the bubble formation. The results also explain the bubble formation even if no displacement damage is produced in tungsten exposed to low-energy hydrogen and helium plasma.

First principles study of hydrogen behaviors in hexagonal tungsten carbide

Abstract Understanding the behaviors of hydrogen in hexagonal tungsten carbide (WC) is of particular interest for fusion reactor design due to the presence of WC in the divertor of fusion reactors. Here, we have used first principles calculations to study the hydrogen behavior in WC. It is found that the most stable interstitial site for the hydrogen atom is the projection of the octahedral interstitial site on tungsten basal plane, followed by the site near the projection of the octahedral interstitial site on carbon basal plane. The binding energy between two interstitial hydrogen atoms is negative, suggesting that hydrogen itself is not capable of trapping another hydrogen atoms to form hydrogen molecule. The calculated results on the interaction between hydrogen and vacancy indicate that hydrogen atom is preferably trapped by vacancy defects and hydrogen molecule can not be formed in mono-vacancy. In addition, the hydrogen atom bound to carbon is only found in tungsten vacancy. We also study the migrations of hydrogen in WC and find that the interstitial hydrogen atom prefers to diffuse along the c -axis. Our studies provide some explanations for the results of the thermal desorption process of energetic hydrogen ion implanted into WC.

Effect of transition metal impurities on the strength of grain boundaries in vanadium

Effects of 3d (Ti-Ni), 4d (Zr-Pd), and 5d (Hf-Pt) transition metal impurities on strength of two representative vanadium grain boundaries (GBs), symmetric Σ3(111) and asymmetric Σ5(210), were studied by first-principles calculations within the framework of the Rice-Wang thermodynamic model and within the computational tensile test. The desirable elements to increase the GB cohesion were predicted based on their segregation and strengthening behaviors across the different GB sites. It reveals that the elements Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta are good choices for the GB cohesion enhancers. In addition, the GB strengthening by solutes is sensitive to the GB structures. The elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni decrease the GB strength of the Σ3(111) GB but they can increase the cohesion of the Σ5(210) GB. Furthermore, the origin of Ti-induced change of the GB strength was uncovered by analyzing the atomic bonds and electronic structures as well as the tensile strength. This work provides a theoretical guidance to screen pr...

Hydrogen bubble nucleation by self-clustering: density functional theory and statistical model studies using tungsten as a model system

Low-energy, high-flux hydrogen irradiation is known to induce bubble formation in tungsten, but its atomistic mechanisms remain little understood. Using first-principles calculations and statistical models, we studied the self-clustering behaviour of hydrogen in tungsten. Unlike previous speculations that the hydrogen self-clusters are energetically unstable owing to the general repulsion between two hydrogen atoms, we found that 2D platelet-like hydrogen self-clusters could form at high hydrogen concentrations. The attractive binding energy of the hydrogen self-cluster becomes larger as the cluster size increases and plateaus at 0.38 eV/H around size of 40. We found that hydrogen atoms would form 2D platelet-like structures along planes. These hydrogen self-clustering behaviours can be quantitatively understood by the competition between long-ranged elastic attraction and local electronic repulsion among hydrogens. Further analysis showed hydrogen self-clusters to be kinetically feasible and thermodynamically stable above a critical hydrogen concentration. Based on this critical hydrogen concentration, we predicted the hydrogen irradiation condition required for the formation of hydrogen self-clusters. Our predictions showed excellent agreement with the experimental results of hydrogen bubble formation in tungsten exposed to low-energy hydrogen irradiation. Finally, we proposed a possible mechanism for the hydrogen bubble nucleation via hydrogen self-clustering. This work provides mechanistic insights and quantitative models towards understanding of plasma-induced hydrogen bubble formation in plasma-facing tungsten.