Xiaozhen Song

Effect of fluoride doping on impedance spectra of barium strontium titanate glass ceramics

A system of barium strontium titanate glass ceramics with different fluoride concentrations were prepared by melt-annealing technique. The effect of fluoride doping on impedance spectra of the barium strontium titanate glass ceramics were investigated. According to the impedance spectroscopy studies, three (low, middle, and high frequency) electrical responses, which corresponds to glass phase, crystal–glass interface and crystal interior were identified. It is shown that with the increase of fluoride concentration, the resistivity of the glass phase passed through a minimum and then increased. In addition, the capacitance of the crystal–glass interface increased and the capacitance of the crystal phase decreased with the increase of the fluoride concentration. Moreover, as a result of ac conductivity calculation and analysis, it is believed that the dc conduction was affected by the glass and crystal–glass interface regions and ac regime was attributed to the crystal phase. Based on the results, a change of the compensation mechanism from electronic to ionic one with variation in fluoride concentration was proposed.

Barium content study and properties characterization of lead zirconate stannate titanate antiferroelectric ceramics using thermally stimulated depolarization current technique

Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) and highly accelerated lifetime testing studies of (Pb0.925-xLa0.05Bax)(Zr0.52Sn0.39Ti0.09)O3 (PLBZST) antiferroelectric ceramics have been performed for three compositions with different barium contents. These studies have revealed that barium substitution increases the failure time and improves the resistance degradation behavior. As a result of the variations of peak current intensity and peak temperature with different polarization temperatures in the TSDC curves, three successive relaxation peaks with different origins have been found to occur: a low-temperature defect dipole peak, an intermediate-temperature in-grain oxygen vacancy migration peak, and a high-temperature transgranular oxygen vacancy migration peak. These results demonstrate that the improved resistance degradation process with the increase of barium substitution is related to the decrease in oxygen vacancy concentration.

Effect of sintering atmosphere on the microstructure and dielectric properties of barium strontium titanate glass–ceramics

The sintering of barium strontium titanate glass–ceramics in nitrogen modified their dielectric properties significantly compared to the sintering in air. The experimental results demonstrate that the glass–ceramics sintered at low temperatures contain a major phase Ba2TiSi2O8 (BTS), known as fresnoite. The fresnoite phase disappeared and the barium strontium titanate perovskite phase became the major phase when the sintering temperature was increased. In addition, the microstructure observation showed that both the proportion of crystal phase and the crystal size increase obviously with the increase of sintering temperature. Most importantly, impedance spectroscopy has been employed to study the electrical responses arising from the glass and the crystal phases in the glass–ceramics sintered at low temperatures and high temperatures. The magnitudes of impedance and modulus changed significantly for the glass–ceramics sintered at the two temperature ranges. The activation energy calculated from the complex impedance, complex modulus and dc conductivity suggests that the dielectric relaxation for the glass phase and the glass–crystal interface may be attributed to the motion of the dipole associated with oxygen vacancy. And for the barium strontium titanate perovskite glass–ceramics, the motion of the electrons from the second ionization of oxygen vacancies leads to dc electrical conduction. The mechanism for the giant dielectric properties of the glass–ceramics sintered at high temperatures in nitrogen is discussed.

Effect of lanthanum modification on dielectric relaxation behavior in lead zirconate stannate titanate antiferroelectric ceramics

The effect of lanthanum concentration on dielectric relaxation behavior in lead zirconate stannate titanate antiferroelectric ceramics was investigated by X-ray diffraction technique, dielectric spectroscopy, Sawyer–Tower polarization methods, and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measurements. The tetragonal phase was found to be stabilized from the rhombohedral phase by lanthanum substitution. As the lanthanum content was increased, the dielectric constant decreased gradually over the measuring temperature range. As a result of polarization–electric field hysteresis loops, the maximum polarization decreased and the switching field increased with the increase of lanthanum content. Investigations of TSDC measurements revealed that the peak is due to space-charge polarization. It is suggested to be associated with the relaxation of oxygen vacancies.

Effect of SiO 2 /B 2 O 3 Ratio on the Crystallization Behavior and Dielectric Properties of Barium Strontium Titanate Glass–Ceramics Prepared by Sol–Gel Process

Ferroelectric glass–ceramics, with a basic composition 90 wt.% (Ba0.65Sr0.35)TiO3−10 wt.% (B2O3−nSiO2) (n = 0.5, 1, 3, 5) were synthesized by the sol–gel method and their phase development and dielectric properties were investigated by differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, dielectric temperature curves and impedance spectroscopy. From the differential thermal analysis, glass transition and crystallization behavior can be observed. From the x-ray diffraction study, two crystalline phases (Ba,Sr)TiO3 and Ba2TiSi2O8 were formed over the entire composition range of the glass–ceramics. In addition, the main crystal phase has undergone a transformation from (Ba,Sr)TiO3 to Ba2TiSi2O8 with the increase of n. A typical structure in which the crystal phase was surrounded by a glassy matrix has been observed in the scanning electron microscope images. As a result of temperature dependent dielectric property measurements, the dielectric constant increased obviously with the increase of n from 0.5 to 1. Further increasing n led to a reduction of the dielectric constant, which is in coincidence with the variation of the intensity of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 phase with n. According to the impedance spectroscopy analysis and the activation energy calculation, the relaxation peak in both Z″ and M″ data should be attributed to the crystal–glass interface, and the change of conduction mechanism with the increase of SiO2/B2O3 ratio may be attributed to the corresponding transition of the main crystal phase.