Xuecheng Wu

Coal powder measurement by digital holography with expanded measurement area

The field of view of digital in-line holography for flow field diagnostics is restricted to a small volume due to the finite size and the low spatial resolution of the available CCD. Expansion of the measurement cross section of digital holographic particle image velocimetry was investigated with a lens-based holography configuration. By sampling the chirp signal in the center lobe completely and undersampling the chirp signal in the second- and higher-order lobes by a magnified virtual recording plane produced by an imaging camera lens, the field of view is expanded. Simulation results show that the three-dimensional (3D) location and size of the relatively large particle can be reconstructed with good accuracy. A digital holographic particle image velocimetry system was established for coal particle flow field diagnostics. Compared with the lensless configuration, the field of view of the digital holography system was enlarged 1.9 times, up to 2.78 cm × 2.78 cm × 3 cm. The 3D location, size distribution, and the 3D vector field of coal powder were obtained. The results show that the application of digital in-line holography to measure large particle flow field is feasible.

Sizing of particles smaller than 5 μm in digital holographic microscopy

The holographic microscopy technique is a strong contender for dynamic three-dimensional (3D) measurement of small particles (typically smaller than 5 μm) in microchannels. However, there is a big challenge to accurately measure the size of such small particles. The traditional hologram reconstruction method was numerically investigated. It is found that the error level, especially for the size measurement, is higher than expected, even in an ideal situation without consideration of noise. An alternative way based on Lorenz-Mie (LM) calculations was then presented. The intensity distribution of the fringe pattern on the particle hologram is directly used and compared with the ones calculated using an LM-based program. Various cases for particle sizes from 0.5 to 5 μm and recording distances from 5 to 500 μm are tested. The results show that the accuracy in particle sizing can be significantly improved.

Modified convolution method to reconstruct particle hologram with an elliptical Gaussian beam illumination

Application of the modified convolution method to reconstruct digital inline holography of particle illuminated by an elliptical Gaussian beam is investigated. Based on the analysis on the formation of particle hologram using the Collins formula, the convolution method is modified to compensate the astigmatism by adding two scaling factors. Both simulated and experimental holograms of transparent droplets and opaque particles are used to test the algorithm, and the reconstructed images are compared with that using FRFT reconstruction. Results show that the modified convolution method can accurately reconstruct the particle image. This method has an advantage that the reconstructed images in different depth positions have the same size and resolution with the hologram. This work shows that digital inline holography has great potential in particle diagnostics in curvature containers.

Concentration and composition measurement of sprays with a global rainbow technique

Applications of the global rainbow technique to measure the concentration of a sprayed bi-component solution or the composition and the relative proportions of two sprays of different solutions at a local point are investigated. For a dual spray, the global rainbow signal is processed by optimally fitting the initial global rainbow signal with two global rainbow signals. For each composition, the value of the refractive index and size distribution is measured. In the case of spray mixing, the relative proportion of each composition can be retrieved from this information. The algorithms are validated by the processing of simulated global rainbows. Experimental rainbows of water–ethanol solutions with volume concentration from 0% to 100% and two sprays of water and ethanol are measured. The limitations of the global rainbow technique for concentration and composition measurements are discussed.

Direct measurement of particle size and 3D velocity of a gas–solid pipe flow with digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry

The 3D measurement of the particles in a gas-solid pipe flow is of great interest, but remains challenging due to curved pipe walls in various engineering applications. Because of the astigmatism induced by the pipe, concentric ellipse fringes in the hologram of spherical particles are observed in the experiments. With a theoretical analysis of the particle holography by an ABCD matrix, the in-focus particle image can be reconstructed by the modified convolution method and fractional Fourier transform. Thereafter, the particle size, 3D position, and velocity are simultaneously measured by digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry (DHPTV). The successful application of DHPTV to the particle size and 3D velocity measurement in a glass pipes flow can facilitate its 3D diagnostics.

Phase rainbow refractometry for accurate droplet variation characterization

We developed a one-dimensional phase rainbow refractometer for the accurate trans-dimensional measurements of droplet size on the micrometer scale as well as the tiny droplet diameter variations at the nanoscale. The dependence of the phase shift of the rainbow ripple structures on the droplet variations is revealed. The phase-shifting rainbow image is recorded by a telecentric one-dimensional rainbow imaging system. Experiments on the evaporating monodispersed droplet stream show that the phase rainbow refractometer can measure the tiny droplet diameter changes down to tens of nanometers. This one-dimensional phase rainbow refractometer is capable of measuring the droplet refractive index and diameter, as well as variations.

One-dimensional rainbow technique using Fourier domain filtering

Rainbow refractometry can measure the refractive index and the size of a droplet simultaneously. The refractive index measurement is extracted from the absolute rainbow scattering angle. Accordingly, the angular calibration is vital for accurate measurements. A new optical design of the one-dimensional rainbow technique is proposed by using a one-dimensional spatial filter in the Fourier domain. The relationship between the scattering angle and the CCD pixel of a recorded rainbow image can be accurately determined by a simple calibration. Moreover, only the light perpendicularly incident on the lens in the angle (φ) direction is selected, which exactly matches the classical inversion algorithm used in rainbow refractometry. Both standard and global one-dimensional rainbow techniques are implemented with the proposed optical design, and are successfully applied to measure the refractive index and the size of a line of n-heptane droplets.

Measurements of 3D relative locations of particles by Fourier Interferometry Imaging (FII)

In a large number of physical systems formed of discrete particles, a key parameter is the relative distance between the objects, as for example in studies of spray evaporation or droplets micro-explosion. This paper is devoted to the presentation of an approach where the relative 3D location of particles in the control volume is accurately extracted from the interference patterns recorded at two different angles. No reference beam is used and only ten (2 + 8) 2D-FFT have to be computed.

Intrinsic spatial shift of local focus metric curves in digital inline holography for accurate 3D morphology measurement of irregular micro-objects

A theoretical model of digital inline holography system reveals that the local focus metric curves (FMCs) of different parts of an irregular micro-object present spatial shift in the depth direction which is resulted from the depth shift. Thus, the 3D morphology of an irregular micro-object can be accurately measured using the cross correlation of the local FMCs. This method retrieves the 3D depth information directly, avoiding the uncertainty inherited from the depth position determination. Typical 3D morphology measurements, including the 3D boundary lines of tilted carbon fibers and irregular coal particles, and the 3D swimming gesture of a live Caenorhabdities elegans, are presented.

Characterizations of transparent particle holography in near-field using Debye series

The effects of the individual scattering process on the formations of both the particle hologram and its corresponding reconstructed three-dimensional particle image are investigated using the Debye series. A particle hologram model using the Debye series decomposes the object wave into different scattering modes and thus permits evaluating the effects of the individual scattering process [diffraction, reflection, transmission, refractions with (p-1) internal reflections] on the particle holography quantitatively. In the Gabor inline holography of a transparent droplet, the transmission light causes small discrepancies between the hologram fringes of an opaque particle (diffraction) and a transparent particle near the zero point of the Bessel-like modulation function, eventually giving rise to the glory spot in the center of the reconstructed dark particle image. For off-axis holography, this paper reveals the effects of reflection, particularly total reflection by bubbles, transmission, and refractions with (p-1) internal reflections of the scattered light on the formation and the reconstructed glory spot images of typical forward and backward off-axis holography.