Y. Andi Trisyono

Resistance to imidacloprid and effect of three synergists on the resistance level of brown planthopper

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is neurotoxic to the insect. This insecticide has been used to control Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilavarpata lugens. This research aimed to study the effect of imidacloprid and the synergists effect on the resistance level of BPH. Laboratory selection on BPH population increased the resistance ratio to 50.64 times. Field population from Banyumas and Cilacap reared to the 5th-6th generations were also exhibited a high resistance of 18.57 and 19.68 times, respectively. The addition of synergists. PBO (Piperonyl butoxide), DEM (Diethyl maleate), and DEF (s,s,s-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) with 1:4 ratio indicated synergists effects to the resistant population. Synergism ratio values were 8.61, 4.29, and 3.25 respectively of indicating that PBO was the stronger synergism to reduce LC50 of the resistant population to 3.94 ppm. These results may indicate the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases may involve in BPH-resistant mechanism to imidacloprid.

Current status and distribution of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on coconut crops in Java, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, is an important pest of coconut in the world. This mite threatens many coconut-producing countries, including Indonesia. The first reported attacks on coconut plants occurred in Tarakan Island in 2012. Surveys to investigate the mite occurrence in Java were carried out from August to October 2015 in 14 regencies in Java Island where coconut is widely grown. R. indica infested coconut plants in Jakarta, Lebak, Pacitan, Banyuwangi and Sumenep (Madura Island). R. indica was detected on various ages of coconut plants, either in the commercial plantation or in the yard. All colonies were found on the underside of leaves with no significant differences in mite population among foliage strata (canopy) and frond sections. Egg was the predominant stage. Amblyseius largoensis was the most abundant predator mite associated with R. indica on the field. Currently, R. indica was not considered as a harmful pest due to its low population number on the field.

Oviposition Deterrent of Bactrocera carambolae Resulted from Eggs Deposition on Mango

Oviposition deterrent is chemical compounds which are used for avoiding eggs deposition. The oviposition deterrent resulted from eggs deposition is valuable information that can be manipulated for managing its population. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of oviposition deterrent resulted by female Bactrocera carambolae on mango. Extraction of oviposition deterrent was conducted by maceration method. The preference test was performed using two arms olfactometer, meanwhile the oviposition deterrent test was conducted by exposed gravid females to fruit that already smeared with extracts. The result revealed that gravid females of B. carambolae were attracted to methanol extract of 1 day after egg deposition, whereas the methanol extract of 3 and 5 days after egg deposition repelled gravid females. Oviposition deterrent test indicated that methanol extract at category 3 and 5 acted as a deterrent. The preference of gravid females of B. carambolae to different category of infested fruit extracts was probably influenced by the chemicals modification on mango after oviposition. This result suggested that the female B. carambolae do not deposit oviposition deterrent. The phenomenon of deterrence was probably as a result of chemical changes in fruit as a consequence of eggs infestation .

Identification, distribution and genetic diversity of the golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) in Java Indonesia

Golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens) is a nematode species which has worldwide regulatory concern. This nematode causes serious economic problem of potato losses in Indonesia. To study the distribution and genetic diversity of G. rostochiensis, 30 soil samples were collected from Java island, Indonesia. Seventeen out of thirty samples were infected by G. rostochiensis obtained from Pangalengan West Java, Wonosobo Central Java, Banjarnegara Central Java, Probolinggo East Java and Malang East Java. PCR assay with specific primers for G. rostochiensis (PITSr3) produced a single band of 434 base pairs (bp) length from all samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS5) regions were subjected to direct sequencing to study the genetic diversity of these populations. Five representative isolates were sequenced and compared with the sequences which available in GenBank. The sequencing data showed that all of the five population represented the same species, G. rosto...

Pewarisan Ketahanan Penyakit Tungro pada Galur Padi OBSTG02-28

Seed of the rice hybrid generally is not fully filled, resulting in low seed quality. Study was conducted in 2009 at the Indonesian Centre for Rice Research, Sukamandi, aiming to determine the effect of seed invigoration methods on viability and vigor of hybrid rice seeds. The treatments consisted of two factors, namely: (A) initial quality of Hipa 5 seeds, i.e., low and moderate, and (B) 8 seed invigoration methods, i.e., no treatment (control); soaking in water for 48 hours; soaking in 1.0 Mpa PEG 6000 solution for 24 hours; soaking in 5 ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours; soaking in 10 ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours; 12 hours hardening, 24 hours hardening), and soaking in a solution mixture of GA3 10 ppm Kinetin + 15 ppm for 24 hours. The results showed that all seed invigoration treatments increased seed germinations by 1 to 8% and the seed growth rates by 0.7 to 4.3 %/24 hour in seeds of hybrid rice Hipa 5, either in the high initial quality seeds or in the low initial quality seeds. Soaking of the medium quality seeds in 10 ppm GA3 + 15 ppm kinetin solution resulted in the highest seed germination (89%). In the low quality seeds, treatments with GA3 and 15 ppm Kinetin also resulted in high seed germination (79%), equivalent to that of treatment with 24 hours hardening (78%). All seed invigoration treatments, except for soaking in water for 48 hours, increased length and dry weight of the seedling stem. The highest length of the stem was shown from seed soaked in 10 ppm GA3 solution (16.8 cm), whereas the highest stem dry weight was shown from seed soaked in a mixture of 10 ppm GA3 + kinetin 15 ppm solution (526 mg/seedling). Based on all variables evaluated, soaking seeds in 10 ppm GA3 solution or a mixed solution of 10 ppm GA3 + kinetin 15 ppm is considered effective invigoration treatment to improve vigor and growth of hybrid rice seeds.A research was conducted to determine the response of introduced hybrid rice varieties to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and its relationship to grain yields The trial was planted at the Sukamandi Experiment Station during the wet season (WS) 2008/09 and at Kuningan Experiment Station in the dry season (DS) of 2008 and WS 2008/09. Fourteen rice genotypes consisting of 9 introduced hybrid rice varieties from China, variety Code (resistant check), IR64 (susceptible check), and Intani-2 Batang Samo (hybrid checks), and Ciherang (inbred check) were evaluated. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The trial at Kuningan, a BLB endemic area, was carried out with an assumption that grain yield performances of the 14 rice genotypes would be influenced by be severity of the BLB. Data from the greenhouse trial showed that reactions of the introduced hybrid rice to Xoo pathotype III varied from moderately resistant to resistant, moderately susceptible to susceptible to Xoo pathotype IV, and resistant to moderately Xoo pathotype VIII. In the field, the severity of the BLB disease ranged from 4.2% on Sembada B9 to 11.4% on WCR115 in the DS 2008, and from 4.9% on Sembada B9 to 30.4% on WCR073 in the WS 2008/09. In the DS 2008, the highest grain yield was obtained from Sembada B9 (9.79 t/ha) followed by Sembada B8 (9.6 t/ha), Sembada B3 (9.26 t/ha), and Sembada B5 (9.79 t/ha). In the WS 2008/2009, the highest grain yield was also obtained from Sembada B9 (8.85 t/ha) followed by Sembada B8 (8.80 t/ha), Sembada B3 8.63 t/ha), and Sembada B5 (7.77 t/ha). These four rice hybrids were resistant to Xoo pathotype III. The overall average rice yield in the DS, was higher than that in the WS 2008/2009, presumably as a result of the lower severity BLB disease.Tungro is the most important viral disease of rice plant, caused by two types of viruses, namely Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) and Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV), transmitted by green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens. Planting resistant varieties proved effective in preventing the occurrence of tungro disease explosion, but the availability of tungro virus resistant varieties are still limited. To determine the best breeding strategy, genetic inheritance model for resistance to tungro disease needs to be studied especially the gene action and the number of genes controlling resistance. For this study, variety TN1 was crossed with OBSTG02-28 to produce F1, F1R, BC1-1, BC1-2, and F2. All crosses were inoculated with tungro virus and visual symptoms of the disease were observed, followed with the ELISA test. Scoring of the disease and ELISA test showed that the resistance of OBSTG02-28 was controlled by two complementary genes with a ratio of 9:7. The additive-dominant of gene action model fitted for the inheritance of resistant gene with additive gene action. The narrow sense heritability was considered high; therefore, selection for gene resistance to tungro disease could be conducted in the early generations.Aromatic rice such as Basmati and Jasmine has a high economic value in the world market. This study aimed to identify characteristics and grain quality of eight aromatic rice varieties grown at locations with different altitudes. The aromatic rice varieties were Basmati 370, originated from the International Rice Research Institute (Basmati 370 IRRI), India (Basmati 370 India), collection of Indonesian Rice Research Institute Sukamandi (Basmati 370 Sukamandi), HSPR, Khao Dawk Mali (KDM/Jasmine), Milky rice, local variety Mentik Wangi, and Sintanur. The experiment was planted in 8 locations, namely in Klaten, Pasarmiring, and Bajeng (altitude 800 m asl). Results showed that the best quality of milled rice was obtained from aromatic rice grown at altitudes of 500 to 800 m asl., of which the introduced aromatic rice (Basmati, KDM/Jasmine, and HSPR) and the local aromatic rice varieties (Milky rice and Mentik wangi) yielded the highest, based on percentages of milled rice and head rice and the lowest percentages of broken and cracked rice grains. The best grain milling quality of Sintanur variety (percentage of milled rice and head rice yield) was obtained when it was planted at high altitude (>800 m asl).Fertilizers play important roles in increasing rice yield. Government policy in a form of determined Highest Retail Price (HRP) of urea and the Government Purchasing Price (GPP) of rice grains not always been effective, so that farmers might not rationally use the fertilizers. Assessment the effectiveness of policy on the implementation HRP and GPP was conducted in five provinces, with different agro-ecosystem. The assessment used primary data collected in 2008, with aim to analyze the effectiveness of the policy implementation on urea HRP and on rice grains GPP. Assessment locations at the provincial and regency levels were determined based on a purposive sampling technique, whereas assessment locations at the district to village levels were selected based on the production center, determined by the multistages random sampling. Data collection of input and output prices were done through surveys using structured questionnaires to kiosks of farm inputs at the village level, the Village Cooperative Units (KUD), and other relevant agencies. Results of the assessments indicated that policy on HRP of urea fertilizer was not effectively complied, especially in the irrigated land with a high-low tidal agro-ecosystem. The GPP policy implementation was quite effective; in the aggregate, the most effective implementation of the policy was on the irrigated lands. The highest level of farmers’ ability to buy urea fertilizer (IHKD) was on the irrigated land. The urea HRP policy is expected to go along with the increase of grain GPP.Rice as staple food is consumed as a source of energy and protein, but also contains minerals and vitamins. This study was aimed to obtain information on mineral contents of rice lines obtained from the bio-fortification program. The research was conducted at the Experiment Farm of the Rice Research Installation Sukamandi, during Wet Season of 2007/2008. A total of 26 rice varieties/lines with high yielding potential and high Fe and Zn contents in the grain were planted in 4 m x 5 m experimental plots with a spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm. The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Samples of grain harvested from each plot were milled using a Satake mini grinder that produces milled rice with an 80% milling degree. Analysis of the mineral content of rice from the varieties/lines was tested using an ICP (Inductivity Couple Plasma) at the Waite Analytical Service Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Australia. The results indicated a wide diversity in the mineral contents (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Zn, and Mn) of the milled rice of the tested rice varieties/lines. Six lines produced milled rice rich in macro minerals (Ca, P, and K) and have a potential to be released as varieties with high macro mineral contents. Seven other rice lines produced high levels of Fe and Zn and are recommended as candidate for high yielding rice varieties with high micro mineral contents.Pests and diseases cause significant rice yield losses every planting season. One of the important rice disease is tungro, a virus disease transmitted by green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens Distant), that can cause yield losses of up to 90%. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana to control N. virescens as a vector of the tungro virus. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors. The first factor was conidial density of the fungi and the second factor was period of food acquisition. The variables observed were mortality and the ability to fly of N. virescens at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after application (DAA), tungro disease symptoms, virus incubation periods, disease incidences, plant heights, and number of tillers. The results showed that applications of B. bassiana (107 conidia/ml) and V. lecanii (108 conidia/ml) caused death of green leafhoppers within 3-14 DAA. Based on the virus incubation period and the incidence of the tungro disease, application of the entomopathogenic fungi did not affect the ability of N. virescens to transmit tungro virus.

Keragaman Virulensi dan Konstruksi Molekuler Virus Tungro pada Padi dari Daerah Endemis

Tungro is an important disease of rice, constraining to the rice production in Indonesia. Tungro is caused by the infection of two different viruses namely tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and tungro spherical virus (RTSV). Both viruses are only transmitted by green leafhoppers, especially Nephotettix virescens in a semipersistent manner. The variation of tungro viruses from different areas had been reported, and there is a specific relationship between resistance variety and tungro virus isolate. It is important therefore, to study the virulences and the genetic diversities of tungro viruses derived from the endemic areas in Indonesia. This study was aimed to identify the virulence and the molecular diversity of tungro viruses from endemic areas in Indonesia. Susceptible variety TN1 was used in the study. Surveys and collection of the infected plants and green leafhoppers were conducted in some tungro endemic areas, including: West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Bali and West Nusa Tenggara. Artificial virus transmission using test tube method was used in the virulence test. Green leafhoppers caught from the field were used as vector transmitters. The virulence of tungro viruses was determined based on diseases indexes (DI). Results showed that the virulence of tungro viruses varied among region in the endemic areas in Indonesia. The Central Java virus isolate was the most virulence; however, not all isolates from endemic areas in the island of Java were more virulent than those from outside of Java. The presence of RTBV and RTSV was detected in the infected TN1 plants. The existences of molecular diversities of tungro viruses from the endemic areas were observed. The relationship between combination of DNA bands of RTBV and RTSV with the virulence in endemic areas outside of Java was more complex than it was in West Java and Central Java. The molecular diversities of tungro viruses were not correlated with the geographic difference of the endemic areas, nor with the virulences.

Kendali Ketahanan Genetik Padi terhadap Penyakit Tungro

Genetic study of resistant to rice tungro disease was carried out in Indonesian Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Bogor. TN1 rice variety was used as susceptible parent and OBSTG02-124 line as resistant parent. Cross combinations between resistant vs susceptible parents obtained 6 crosses. The study materials consisted of 55 plants of susceptible parent (P1) and 35 plants of resistant parents (P2), 70 F1 plants, 70 F1R plants, 100 BC1-1 plants, 100-BC1-2 plants, and 300 F2 plants. The probable maternal effect was identified by comparing resistant to tungro disease of F1 plants vs. the F1 of their reciprocal crosses, using the t-test. Each population was planted in pot containing 5 kg of soil. Plants were inoculated at 7-10 days old with virus tungro isolate Subang, using 4-5 green leafhoppers for 5 hours. Visual symptoms were observed based on the Standard Evaluation System for Rice. ELISA test (non Precoated I-ELISA) was performed at 21 days after inoculation, using polyclonal antibodies RTSV (S) and the combined RTBV and RTSV (BS). The results showed that there was no maternal effect on the inheritance of tungro disease resistance. The resistant to tungro in OBSTG02-124 was controlled by two complementary recessive genes. The moderate heritability indicated that the environment play role in determining the degree of resistant to tungro desease.

Resurjensi Serangga Hama Karena Perubahan Fisiologi Tanaman dan Serangga Sasaran Setelah Aplikasi Insektisida

The use of insecticides at sub-lethal dosage may induce insect resurgence. Factors contributing the insect resurgence include mortality of natural enemies, mass migration, improvement in plant nutrition, or increase in insect reproductive capacity which works individually or in combinations. This article provides a comprehensive review from recent publications, particularly those dealing with the impact of insecticide applications on plant nutrition and insect reproduction, and function to upgrade our knowledge since most publications in Indonesia were made in the 1980s. The insecticides together with its metabolites and conjugates could function as plant growth regulators, increase absorption, improve the nutritional content, influence the biochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the plant, or protect the plant from stresses. An increase in the nutritional value of the plant would increase feeding rate, fecundity, and longevity of the insects. Furthermore, insecticides could also directly stimulate the reproductive capacity of the insect. All of these impacts might end up in increasing the population of insect after application of certain insecticides. Research findings related to the elucidation on the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of resurgence could be used in considering the registration of new insecticides or extension of the existing insecticides. Salah satu dampak penggunaan insektisida khususnya pada dosis subletal adalah timbulnya resurjensi serangga hama. Resurjensi serangga hama dapat terjadi melalui mekanisme berkurang/matinya musuh alami, migrasi massal, peningkatan nutrisi tanaman, atau stimulasi langsung reproduksi serangga (hormoligosis), dimana masing-masing faktor bekerja sendiri atau kombinasi.Tulisan tentang resurjensi di Indonesia banyak dipublikasikan pada tahun 1980-an.Tulisan inimerupakan formulasi hasil penelitian terbaru tentang resurjensi, khususnya terkait dengan faktor tanaman dan serangga sasaran. Insektisida, metabolitnya ataupun konjugat yang terbentuk dalam tanaman dapat memacu pertumbuhan tanaman (plant growth regulator), memacu serapan hara, meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi tanaman, memengaruhi aspek ultrastruktural dan biokimia tanaman, atau sebagai pelindung stres tanaman. Insektisida juga dapat berperan langsung sebagai stimulan reproduksi serangga. Nutrisi tanaman akan mempengaruhi laju makan, keperidian, dan lama hidup (longevity) imago, yang pada akhirnya akan menuju pada resurjensi serangga hama. Hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru tentang mekanisme resurjensi serangga hama dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam pendaftaran insektisida baru.

Pengaruh Minyak Atsiri Asal Kulit Jeruk Manis dan Besar terhadap Perkembangan Tungau Panonychus citri (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

P. citri (Acarina: Tetranychidae) is one of the economically important citrus pests in Indonesia. However, the association of this pest with its host is not well understood. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange and pumello fruit peels on the development of P. citri . The research was conducted in the laboratory of IP2TP Tlekung Malang, using a complete random design consisted of six treatments. Fifteen mites were used for each treatment. The treatments were concentrations 10, 20, 40, and 80 ppm of essential oil. Parafin was used as a positive control because it was a diluting solution for the essential oil. The control received no application. The result showed that the main content of essential oil extracted from sweet orange and pumello was limonene. The essential oils prolonged the life cycle and reduced the fecundity of P. citri . The effects of essential oil extracted from pumello were found to be more pronounced than were from sweet orange. These differences might be due to the differences in the composition of the volatile compounds other than limonene.