Edhi Martono

Resistance to imidacloprid and effect of three synergists on the resistance level of brown planthopper

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is neurotoxic to the insect. This insecticide has been used to control Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilavarpata lugens. This research aimed to study the effect of imidacloprid and the synergists effect on the resistance level of BPH. Laboratory selection on BPH population increased the resistance ratio to 50.64 times. Field population from Banyumas and Cilacap reared to the 5th-6th generations were also exhibited a high resistance of 18.57 and 19.68 times, respectively. The addition of synergists. PBO (Piperonyl butoxide), DEM (Diethyl maleate), and DEF (s,s,s-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) with 1:4 ratio indicated synergists effects to the resistant population. Synergism ratio values were 8.61, 4.29, and 3.25 respectively of indicating that PBO was the stronger synergism to reduce LC50 of the resistant population to 3.94 ppm. These results may indicate the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases may involve in BPH-resistant mechanism to imidacloprid.

Current status and distribution of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on coconut crops in Java, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, is an important pest of coconut in the world. This mite threatens many coconut-producing countries, including Indonesia. The first reported attacks on coconut plants occurred in Tarakan Island in 2012. Surveys to investigate the mite occurrence in Java were carried out from August to October 2015 in 14 regencies in Java Island where coconut is widely grown. R. indica infested coconut plants in Jakarta, Lebak, Pacitan, Banyuwangi and Sumenep (Madura Island). R. indica was detected on various ages of coconut plants, either in the commercial plantation or in the yard. All colonies were found on the underside of leaves with no significant differences in mite population among foliage strata (canopy) and frond sections. Egg was the predominant stage. Amblyseius largoensis was the most abundant predator mite associated with R. indica on the field. Currently, R. indica was not considered as a harmful pest due to its low population number on the field.

PENGARUH EKSTRAK LIMBAH DAUN TEMBAKAU MADURA TERHADAP AKTIVITAS MAKAN LARVA Spodoptera exigua

Ekstrak tanaman untuk insektisida nabati tidak hanya berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas saja akan tetapi juga berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas makan serangga. Tujuan pengujian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstraklimbah daun tembakau madura terhadap aktivitas makan larva instar III Spodoptera exigua. Metode uji ada dua yakni pakan pilihan dan pakan tanpa pilihan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), dengan 6 perlakuan konsentrasi dan 1 kontrol yang diulang 5 kali. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa pemaparan ekstrak limbah daun tembakau dengan metode pakan pilihan: (1) berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot daun yang dikonsumsi pada semua konsentrasi dibandingkan dengan kontrol, (2) bersifat antifeedant terhadap larva S. exigua dengan indeks hambatan makan berkisar 17,51 – 38,12%, sedang ekstrak limbah daun tembakau pada uji pakan tanpa pilihan (3) berpengaruh nyata pada konsentrasi > 0,21% terhadap bobot daun yang dikonsumsi dibandingkan dengan kontrol, dan (4) bersifat antifeedant dengan indeks hambatan makan lebih tinggi (22,87 – 69,39%) daripada dengan pakan pilihan (17,51 – 32,12%). Plants extracts used for botanical insecticides do not only influence the mortality but also the feeding activity of insects. The aim of this test was to determine the activity of the extract of Madura tobacco leaf on the feeding activity of the third instar of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua. There were two test methods, choice and no-choice feeding tests. The design of each test was a completely randomized design (CRD), with six treatment concentrations and one control, replicated five times. The results showed that the exposure of tobacco leaf extracts with the choice feeding: (1) had significant effect on the leaf weight consumed at all concentration compared to the controls, (2) act as antifeedant against the larvae of S. exigua with the index of food consumption barrier ranging from 17.51 to 38.12%; while the extract of tobacco leaf on the no-choice feeding test: (3) had significantly effect on the weight of leaves consumed compared to the control on the concentrations of > 0.21%, and (4) was antifeedant with the index of food consumption barrier higher (22.87 to 69.39%) than the choice feeding (17.51 to 38.12%).

Evolutionary Revolution: Implementing and Disseminating IPM in Indonesia

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program in Indonesia was implemented after the government’s rice self-sufficiency program failed, in most part, due to brown planthopper attack during the 1970s and 1980s. The IPM program implementation, modeled after some pioneer projects, introduced a new plant protection approach, mainly by involving farmers as early as possible in decision making, and reducing their use of pesticides. Since farmers had already been accustomed to chemical-based approach, at the beginning many farmers got confused, lost their confidence in extension sevices, and were hard to convince that the new approach is more feasible. The Indonesian experts then created a training-cum-extension program called Farmer Field School (FFS) on rice, and for about five years (1988–1993) trained about one million rice farmers. The training was later extended for other crops such as dry-land, vegetables and estates’ commodities. A considerable number of farmers became familiar with IPM, but the change expected in their attitudes did not really emanate, especially when they were faced with problems other than plant insect pests and diseases.

Laporan Baru Tentang Dacus longicornis dan Dacus petioliforma (Diptera:Tephritidae) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Research was conducted in Jogjakarta from April to October 2004, to know the existence and description of Dacus spp, in Indonesia especially in Jogjakarta Special Province: The result of the exploration shows that there are two species of Dacus spp. attracted to cue lure traps. The species are Dacus (Callantra) longicornis and Dacus (Callantra) petioliforma with characteristics as follows: notopleuron and mesopleural stripe are brownish on D. longicornis and yellow on D. petioliforma; mesonotum uniformly red-brown with midline dark marking and a small yellowish spot present on D. petioliforma and absent on D. longicomis ; apical scutellum is brown fulvous on D. longicomis and yellow on D. petioliforma , on both of them are broad black fulvous on basal band.