Yahya Ulusoy

The Engine Tests of Biodiesel from Used Frying Oil

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly and a renewable alternative diesel fuel that can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification. Used frying oil is one of the raw materials which can be used for biodiesel production. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of used frying oil originated from biodiesel on engine performance and emissions in a Fiat Doblo 1.9 DS, four-cylinder, four-stroke, 46 kW power capacity diesel engine. Comparative measurements with no. 2 diesel fuel were conducted on both engine power and emission characteristics of each of the fuel used. Biodiesel, when compared to no. 2 diesel fuel, showed reduction in wheel force over 3.35% and it also reduced the wheel power by over 2.03%. In the acceleration tests, 40–100 km/h and 60–100 km/h acceleration periods were measured and a reduction of 7.32% and 8.78% were observed, respectively. According to emission tests, as a result of biodiesel consumption, a reduction of 8.59% in CO emission and an increase of 2.62% were observed in CO2 emission. Also, NOx emissions increased by 5.03% as a result of biodiesel consumption. HC emissions and particulate emissions have a significant effect on air pollution. As a result of biodiesel usage, HC and particulate emissions decreased by 30.66% and 63.33%, respectively. When the fuel consumption amounts are compared, it was observed that biodiesel consumption was 2.43% less than that of no. 2 diesel fuel. These emission engine test results show that biodiesel is a more environment friendly fuel than no. 2 diesel fuel.

Emission Characteristics of Sunflower Oil Methyl Ester

Abstract In this study, use of sunflower oil methyl ester as an alternative fuel in a 4 stroke turbo diesel engine with 4 cylinders, direct injection, and 55 kW power was analyzed. The engine has been fueled by diesel fuel and biodiesel (B100) obtained from methyl ester of sunflower oil and by running the test engine with 14 different speeds and full load, the results have been analyzed. Smoke emissions obtained in biodiesel use were slightly less, which could be attributed to better combustion efficiency. Also, HC and CO emissions of biodiesel were found to be lower. Results of this study show that performance values of sunflower oil methyl ester are similar to those of diesel fuel. It can be concluded that biodiesels exhaust emissions are lower than diesel fuels, which indicates that biodiesel has more favorable effects on air quality.

An investigation of engine and fuel system performance in a diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil

ABSTRACT Waste cooking oil (WCO) was experimentally examined to determine whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, 48 kW power tractor engine. The test engine was operated under full load conditions using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from the 2400 to 1100 rpm and performance values were recorded. Tests were performed in two stages to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on the engine life cycle. When the test engine was operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque decreased between at ratio of 0.09 % and 3% according to the engine speed. While no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel tests at the end of 100 hours of operation, an important reduction was observed in the engine torque of the WCO engine between 4.21% and 14.48% according to the engine speed, and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio was also observed. In accordance with the results obtained from the studies, it was determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with diesel fuel, but in long-term usage, performance losses increased. In the SEM analysis performed on the fuel system, there were dark deposits at the nozzle tip and stem. According to an EDX analysis at the nozzle tips, the detected elements point to engine oil ash in the combustion chamber and show coking products (C and O). The other elements (Na, S, Ca, P, Cl, and K) point to used WCO.

Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of waste cooking oil as biodiesel in a diesel engine

Biodiesel is one of the most popular prospective alternative fuels and can be obtained from a variety of sources. Waste frying oil is one such source along with the various raw vegetable oils. However, some specific technical treatments are required to improve certain fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific value of the biodiesel being obtained from waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). Various treatments are applied depending on the source and therefore the composition of the cooking oil. This research investigated the performance of WCOME as an alternative biofuel in a four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. An 8-mode test was undertaken with diesel fuel and five WCOME blends. The best compromise blend in terms of performance and emissions was identified. Results showed that energy utilization factors of the blends were similar within the range of the operational parameters (speed, load and WCOME content). Increasing biodiesel content produced slightly more smoke and NOx for a great majority of test points, while the CO and THC emissions were lower.

On-line Vis-Nir sensor determination of soil variations of sodium, potassium and magnesium

Among proximal measurement methods, visible and near infrared (Vis-Nir) spectroscopy probably has the greatest potential for determining the physico-chemical properties of different natural resources, including soils. This study was conducted to determine the sodium, potassium and magnesium variations in a 10. Ha field located in Karacabey district (Bursa Province, Turkey) using an on-line Vis-Nir sensor. A total of 92 soil samples were collected from the field. The performance and accuracy of the Na, K and Mg calibration models was evaluated in cross-validation and independent validation. Three categories of maps were developed: 1) reference laboratory analyses maps based on 92 points 2) Full-data point maps based on all 6486 on-line points Vis-Nir predicted in 2013 and 3) full- data point maps based on all 2496 on-line points Vis-Nir predicted in 2015. Results showed that the prediction performance in the validation set was successful, with average R2 values of 0.82 for Na, 0.70 for K, and 0.79 for Mg, average root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.02% (Na), 0.20% (K), and 1.32% (Mg) and average residual prediction deviation (RPD) values of 2.13 (Na), 0.97 (K), and 2.20 (Mg). On-line field measurement was also proven to be successful with validation results showing average R2 values of 0.78 (Na), 0.64 (K), and 0.60 (Mg), average RMSEP values of 0.04% (Na), 0.13% (K), and 2.19% (Mg) and average RPD values of 1.57 (Na) 1.68 (K) and 1.56 (Mg). Based on 3297 points, maps of Na, K and Mg were produced after N, P, K and organic fertilizer applications, and these maps were then compared to the corresponding maps from the previous year. The comparison showed a variation in soil properties that was attributed to the variable rate of fertilization implemented in the preceding year.

Development of a specific electronic control system for an engine dynamometer

With the numerous and complex parameter interactions that take place during the operation of an engine, the optimization of its performance in terms of alternative fuels is difficult, as dynamometers with conventional technology are unable to make significant measurements for alternative fuels. In this study, an electronically controlled dynamometer system capable of measuring a number of specific values was developed. The system allows the optimum values for different fuels to be found for the test engine by monitoring parameters such as injection advance, and at the same time communicating with the electronic control unit via a computer interface. The study presents the algorithm and test results of the system.

Online Measurement of Soil Organic Carbon as Correlated with Wheat Normalised Difference Vegetation Index in a Vertisol Field

This study explores the potential of visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy for online measurement of soil organic carbon (SOC). It also attempts to explore correlations and similarities between the spatial distribution of SOC and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) of a wheat crop. The online measurement was carried out in a clay vertisol field covering 10 ha of area in Karacabey, Bursa, Turkey. Kappa statistics were carried out between different SOC and NDVI data to investigate potential similarities. Calibration model of SOC in full cross-validationresulted in a good accuracy (R 2 = 0.75, root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.17%, and ratio of prediction deviation (RPD) = 1.81). The validation of the calibration model using laboratory spectra provided comparatively better prediction accuracy (R 2 = 0.70, RMSEP = 0.15%, and RPD = 1.78), as compared to the online measured spectra (R 2 = 0.60, RMSEP = 0.20%, and RPD = 1.41). Although visual similarity was clear, low similarity indicated by a low Kappa value of 0.259 was observed between the online vis-NIR predicted full-point (based on all points measured in the field, e.g., 6486 points) map of SOC and NDVI map.