Yakup Kar

Importance of P-Series Fuels for Flexible-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) and Alternative Fuels

As engine fuels, the most popular alternative fuels are bioetanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen. Recently, in addition to these, there are intensive researches on methyl-, and ethylalcohols, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, P-series, electricity, and solar fuels. Alternative fuels for diesel engines are becoming increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum-fueled engines. One of the advantages of P-series is that they are very easy to use. There is no need for any special fuel management because gasoline and P-series can be freely intermixed in any proportion with fuel that is already in the vehicles fuel tank. So, even if P-series is not available at a particular location, simply fill up with gasoline. These fuels are inexpensive fuels generated by municipal and agricultural wastes. The National Renewal Energy Laboratory (NREL) showed that P-series would be 96% derived from domestic resources and reduce petroleum use by 80% as compared to gasoline. Use of P-series fuels also greatly reduces toxic emissions. P-fuels are economically competitive with gasoline. As of May 2003, the projected retail price for P-series, including all taxes, is

Boron Minerals in Turkey, Their Application Areas and Importance for the Country's Economy

1.49 per gallon, about the same as mid-grade gasoline in a

Importance of Asphaltite Deposits in Southeastern Anatolia

/mile calculation. There are 3 million cars on the road today that could run on P-series fuels.

Humic Substances and Nitrogen-Containing Compounds from Low Rank Brown Coals

In the wealth and development of a country, mining activities have great significance. They contribute the most added value to the economy of a country. Developed countries owe much of their prosperity to their mineral resources and utilizing them efficiently. Turkey has substantial mineral reserves such as boron, marble, trona, chromium and some other industrial raw materials which make the country rich in terms of mining resources. Turkey holds approximately a 72% share of the total boron deposits of the world at 803 million tonnes. Eti Holding, being the most important producer, possesses 31% of total world production on a B2O3 basis. These boron reserves are high in tenor and quality. Also, 60% of the boron reserves is sufficient to supply 250–500 years of the worlds boron consumption. The most important boron minerals that Turkey owns are tincal, colemanite, and ulexite. Turkey is the second highest producer of boron after the USA. Eight percent of its boron minerals is used domestically, and 92% is...

Obtaining of Boron as an Alternative Fuel from Borax with Various Methods

Native energy sources of Turkey are quite limited, and the country is heavily dependent on the import of primary energy from abroad. The demand for electrical energy has increased very rapidly in Turkey due to the ongoing industrialization process and high population growth. Energy consumption in Turkey has continually increased over the past years and reached 82.2 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2000. This figure is expected to continue to grow and reach 115.2 Mtoe in 2005 and 153.9 Mtoe in 2010. In spite of the availability of all types of energy resources in Turkey, 66% of energy consumption is met with imports, as energy production is not sufficient to satisfy the demand for consumption. The primary energy sources of Turkey are hard coal, lignite, asphaltite, bituminous schist, hydropower, oil, natural gas, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wood, and animal and plant wastes. The required electrical energy of Turkey is primarily met from thermal and hydraulic sources, but, in addition to these, in recent times, asphaltite deposits in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, roughly 79.969 million tons are found in the Sirnak and Silopi areas, and are mainly consumed in the residential sectors for heating due to its high calorific value (2876–5536 kcal/kg), are becoming important for Turkey to generate electricity energy. With the aim of this, it is planned to produce electrical energy after 2006 with the asphaltite taken out from Sirnak and Silopi region.

Improvement of heavy crude oil via catalytic cracking process for refining into valuable blending stocks

Coal is one of the sources of nitrogen-containing compounds (NCCs). Recovery of NCCs from brown in high yield was carried out from tars of stepwise semicoking of brown coals. Humic acids have been shown to contain many types of nitrogen compounds. Humic acids are thought to be complex aromatic macromolecules with amino acids, amino sugars, peptides, and aliphatic compounds that are involved in the linkages between the aromatic groups. Humic acids extracted from peats, brown coals, and lignites, are characterized using different techniques. Humic substances (HSs) have several known benefits to agriculture. The properties of humic substances vary from source to source, because they are heterogeneous mixtures of biochemical degradation products from plant and animal residues, and synthesis activities of microorganisms. HSs have been considered to be a significant floculant in surface water filtration plants for the production of drinking water as well as the processing of water. HSs are produced from chemical and biological degradation of plant and animal residues and from synthetic activities of microorganisms.

Pyrolysis of waste pomegranate peels for bio-oil production

Abstract This study examined how to obtain elemental boron from borax. For this purpose, first boric acid (H3BO3) was obtained from borax decahydrate with using HCl and H2SO4. The boric was then converted to boron oxide using a dehydration process. It has been studied to reduce the boric acid and the boron oxide into elemental boron with using the elemental magnesium (Mg) and butyl nitrite (C5H9NO2), and also with using sawdust, charcoal, and cellulose. Then, the obtained elemental boron was subject to the burning process to prove its purity. The pure-elemental boron gave a strong green-colored flame when it was burned. Among these, the methods using the elemental magnesium (Mg) and butyl nitrite (C5H9NO2) in order to obtain elemental boron are more reasonable than those of the others.

Effect of Modified Phosphate Rock Saturated by Various Salts on Stack Gas Desulfurization in a Fluidized Bed Reactor

ABSTRACT In this study, it was aimed to obtain the conversion of the heavy crude oil with 12.2° API gravity into the liquid fuel-like condensate fractions having different boiling points of gasoline (initial boiling point–180), kerosene (180–240°C), light diesel or distillate (240–290°C), and gas oil (290–360°C). A series of catalytic cracking runs were carried out on the pre-upgraded oil with using the molasses soil catalyst in different ratios of 0.0–10.0wt.%. The catalytic condensate and coke yields were found as 94.81wt.% and 2.42 wt.%, respectively, for the optimal catalyst ratio of 2.5wt.%. The optimal cracking condensate and its fractions were characterized via spectroscopic and analytical test methods. The results revealed that the catalytic condensate was more rich in view of n-paraffinic hydrocarbons with lower carbon number of C10–C12 found in diesel fuel.

Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by bio-chars obtained during biomass pyrolysis

ABSTRACT In order to obtain bio-oil from the pomegranate peel which is a by-product of juice production process, the dried pomegranate peel was pyrolyzed at a heating rate of 10°C/min and different temperatures between 400 and 550°C. The highest pyrolytic oil yield of 40.47 wt% was obtained at the final temperature of 550°C. The oil product was characterized by various analysis techniques. The results showed that the oil product mostly contained fine chemicals with oxygen like phenols, furfural, and its derivatives with the carbon number in a range of C3-C10. The oil product had the potential for producing fine chemicals.

Characterization of light diesel fraction obtained from upgraded heavy oil

In this work, the suitability of phosphate ore treated with the varied salts such as FeSO4, NaCI, CaCI2, Na2SiO3, and Na2SO4 as an alternative material for limestone and dolomite in flue gas desulfurization has been investigated. Also, the effect of the varied salts on calcination and sulfation of the raw, calcine, and semicalcined phosphate samples has been investigated in a differential fluidized bed reactor at 700–800°C (4 min) in air and 0.3% SO2. It was established that the salts have prominent effects on sulfation and calcination. The changes in the pore structure and products obtained at the end of sulfation were investigated using BET surface area method. In conclusion, it was observed that the sulfation and calcination conversion ratios generally increased when the phosphate rock was treated the varied salts.