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Featured researches published by Yolanda Echegoyen.


Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2013

Nanoparticle release from nano-silver antimicrobial food containers

Yolanda Echegoyen; Cristina Nerín

Polymer nanocomposites incorporating metal or metal oxide nanoparticles have been developed to improve their characteristics (flexibility, gas barrier properties, antimicrobial or antioxidant properties, etc.). Among them silver nanoparticles are used because of their antimicrobial effect in many daily life materials, i.e. food packaging. However, there is not any reference to the migration of nanoparticles to the food. In this paper the results of migration studies (with different simulant solutions and times) in three commercial nanosilver plastic food containers are shown. Migration solutions were evaluated by ICP-MS and SEM-EDX analysis and silver in dissolved form and silver as nanoparticles were analyzed, a key aspect for the toxicity. Silver migration was observed for all samples studied, with the total silver migration values ranging between 1.66 and 31.46 ng/cm(2) (lower than the permissible limits). Size and morphology of the silver nanoparticles changed for the different samples (ranging between 10 and 60 nm) and migration of other nanosized materials was also confirmed.


Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment | 2016

Nanoclay migration from food packaging materials

Yolanda Echegoyen; Silvia Rodríguez; Cristina Nerín

ABSTRACT A recent trend is to use nanocomposites materials for food-packaging applications. Different kinds of nanoparticles are incorporated into the polymers to improve their characteristics, and, among them, nanoclay is used to improve their barrier properties to gases. In this work, the results of migration studies with different food simulants (ethanol 10% and acetic acid 3%), temperatures and times (40ºC for 10 days and 70ºC for 2 h) from two commercialised LDPE nanocomposite bags are presented. The migration solutions thus obtained were analysed by ICP-MS to evaluate the amount of aluminium which migrated into the solutions both in dissolved form and as a part of nanoparticles. Aluminium migration was observed for both samples with a maximum migration value of 51.65 ng cm–2 for the Aisaika bags and 24.14 ng cm–2 for the Debbie Meyer bags. The presence of spikes working in single-particle mode using ICP-MS indicated that part of this aluminium was present as nanoparticles. The size and morphology of the nanoclay, in both the original material and the migration solutions, was studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (SEM-EDX). In this manner, nanoparticles of different morphologies and sizes were found to migrate into the food simulants.


Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | 2016

Nano selenium as antioxidant agent in a multilayer food packaging material

Paula Vera; Yolanda Echegoyen; Elena Canellas; Cristina Nerín; María Palomo; Yolanda Madrid; Carmen Cámara

AbstractSelenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were incorporated in a flexible multilayer plastic material using a water-base adhesive as vehicle for SeNPs. The antioxidant performance of the original solutions containing spherical SeNPs of 50–60xa0nm diameter, the adhesive containing these SeNPs, and the final multilayer plastic material to be used as food packaging were quantitatively measured. The radical scavenging capacity due to SeNPs was quantified by a free radical assay developed in the laboratory and by the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. DPPH was not efficient to measure the scavenging capacity in the multilayer when the free radical scavenger is not in the surface in contact with it. Several multilayer laminated structures composed by [PET (20xa0m)–adhesive–LDPE (with variable thickness from 35 to 90xa0μm)] were prepared and measured, demonstrating for the first time that free radicals derived from oxygen (OH·, O2·, and O2H) cross the PE layer and arrive at the adhesive. SeNPs remain as such after manufacture and the final laminate is stable after 3xa0months of storage. The antioxidant multilayer is a non-migrating efficient free radical scavenger, able to protect the packaged product versus oxidation and extending the shelf life without being in direct contact with the product. Migration tests of both Se and SeNPs to simulants and hazelnuts demonstrated the non-migrating performance of this new active packaging.n Graphical abstractᅟ


Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 2014

Recent distribution of lead in the Indian Ocean reflects the impact of regional emissions

Yolanda Echegoyen; Edward A. Boyle; Jong-Mi Lee; Toshitaka Gamo; Hajime Obata; Kazuhiro Norisuye

Significance Humans have altered the earth surface environment by massive injection of certain chemicals into our air and water. In some cases these injections are detrimental to environmental health and must be monitored to limit the damage (e.g., freons and the ozone layer); in other cases (e.g., freon dissolving into the ocean) there are no harmful consequences, but the chemicals are useful as tracers of ocean circulation patterns. Lead remains a major hazard when it is proximate to humans (e.g., plumbing, housepaint, and contaminated soils); in the open ocean, lead serves as an inadvertent experiment demonstrating how metals move through the marine environment. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the fate of human-injected lead in the Indian Ocean. Humans have injected lead (Pb) massively into the earth surface environment in a temporally and spatially evolving pattern. A significant fraction is transported by the atmosphere into the surface ocean where we can observe its transport by ocean currents and sinking particles. This study of the Indian Ocean documents high Pb concentrations in the northern and tropical surface waters and extremely low Pb levels in the deep water. North of 20°S, dissolved Pb concentrations decrease from 42 to 82 pmol/kg in surface waters to 1.5–3.3 pmol/kg in deep waters. South of 20°S, surface water Pb concentrations decrease from 21 pmol/kg at 31°S to 7 pmol/kg at 62°S. This surface Pb concentration gradient reflects a southward decrease in anthropogenic Pb emissions. The upper waters of the north and central Indian Ocean have high Pb concentrations resulting from recent regional rapid industrialization and a late phase-out of leaded gasoline, and these concentrations are now higher than currently seen in the central North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans. The Antarctic sector of the Indian Ocean shows very low concentrations due to limited regional anthropogenic Pb emissions, high scavenging rates, and rapid vertical mixing, but Pb still occurs at higher levels than would have existed centuries ago. Penetration of Pb into the northern and central Indian Ocean thermocline waters is minimized by limited ventilation. Pb concentrations in the deep Indian Ocean are comparable to the other oceans at the same latitude, and deep waters of the central Indian Ocean match the lowest observed oceanic Pb concentrations.


Talanta | 2005

Antimony(V) volatilization with bromide and determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A. Lopez-Molinero; Yolanda Echegoyen; D. Sipiera; J. R. Castillo

Antimony(V) is volatilized by reaction with potassium bromide in concentrated sulfuric acid media. After volatilization, the gases can be transported to an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer for atomic emission of antimony and its analytical determination. The influent factors, concentrated sulfuric acid volume, concentration and volume of the potassium bromide aqueous solution and carrier gas flow were investigated and optimized using different alternatives. A detection limit of 48ngml(-1) of Sb was achieved under the optimized conditions with a precision of 7.6% and the calibration graph was linear from 0.10 to 10.0mugml(-1) for a sample injection of 130mul. The study of interferences from common cations and anions revealed a good tolerance for most ions, although there was a significant improvement in Sb(V) volatility when As(III) was present. Furthermore, the As(III) sensitization was only produced with Sb(V) species, while the volatility of the Sb(III) bromide species was unaltered. The method was applied to the determination of Sb in real river waters. The results were checked using alternative atomic spectroscopy methods.


Science of The Total Environment | 2016

Assessing bio-available silver released from silver nanoparticles embedded in silica layers using the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as bio-sensors

Alessandro Pugliara; K. Makasheva; Bernard Despax; Maxime Bayle; Robert Carles; Patrizio Benzo; G. BenAssayag; Béatrice Pécassou; Maria Del Carmen Sancho; Enrique Navarro; Yolanda Echegoyen; Caroline Bonafos

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their strong antibacterial activity are widely used in health-care sector and industrial applications. Their huge surface-volume ratio enhances the silver release compared to the bulk material, leading to an increased toxicity for microorganisms sensitive to this element. This work presents an assessment of the toxic effect on algal photosynthesis due to small (size <20nm) AgNPs embedded in silica layers. Two physical approaches were originally used to elaborate the nanocomposite structures: (i) low energy ion beam synthesis and (ii) combined silver sputtering and plasma polymerization. These techniques allow elaboration of a single layer of AgNPs embedded in silica films at defined nanometer distances (from 0 to 7nm) beneath the free surface. The structural and optical properties of the nanostructures were studied by transmission electron microscopy and optical reflectance. The silver release from the nanostructures after 20h of immersion in buffered water was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ranges between 0.02 and 0.49μM. The short-term toxicity of Ag to photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was assessed by fluorometry. The obtained results show that embedding AgNPs reduces the interactions with the buffered water free media, protecting the AgNPs from fast oxidation. The release of bio-available silver (impacting on the algal photosynthesis) is controlled by the depth at which AgNPs are located for a given host matrix. This provides a procedure to tailor the toxicity of nanocomposites containing AgNPs.


Archive | 2015

Nano-developments for Food Packaging and Labeling Applications

Yolanda Echegoyen

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1 and 100 nm in length (at least in one dimension). Due to the different properties of nanosized materials compared to the bulk material, research in nanotechnology has increased exponentially in recent years. The food sector is no exception, and nanotechnology is present in different stages of the food chain, from agriculture to food processing, supplements, or food packaging. Among them, the most active area of food nanoscience research and development is food packaging.


Talanta | 2014

Comparison between solid phase microextraction (SPME) and hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HFLPME) for determination of extractables from post-consumer recycled PET into food simulants.

Éder C. Oliveira; Yolanda Echegoyen; Sandra A. Cruz; Cristina Nerín

Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HFLPME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) methods for pre-concentration of contaminants (toluene, benzophenone, tetracosane and chloroform) in food simulants were investigated. For HFLPME 1-heptanol, 2-octanone and dibutyl-ether were studied as extracting solvents. Analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), flame ionization (GC-FID) and electron capture detectors (GC-ECD) were carried out. In addition, the methods were employed to evaluate the safety in use of a PET material after the recycling process (comprising washing, extrusion and solid state polymerization (SSP)) through extractability studies of the contaminants using 10% (v/v) ethanol in deionized water and 3% (w/v) acetic acid in deionized water as food simulants in different conditions: 10 days at 40°C and 2h at 70°C. The HFLPME preconcentration method provided increased sensitivity when compared to the SPME method and allowed to analyze concentration levels below 10 µg surrogate per kg food simulant. The results of the extractability studies showed considerable reductions after the extrusion and SSP processes and indicated the compliance with regulations for using recycled PET in contact with food.


Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment | 2014

Barrier properties to surrogates of hydrogenated carbon nano-films deposited on PET by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

Éder C. Oliveira; Yolanda Echegoyen; Cristina Nerín; Sandra A. Cruz

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) resin was contaminated with a series of surrogates using a US Food and Drug Administration protocol. The contaminated samples were coated with two different kinds of hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films (a-C:H): one with diamond-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon and another with polymer-like hydrogenated carbon (PLCH) phases. To evaluate the barrier properties of the a-C:H films, migration assays were performed using food simulants. After the tests, analysis by gas chromatography with different detectors was carried out. The appearance of the films before and after the migration experiments was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a-C:H films have good barrier properties for most of the evaluated compounds, mainly when they are deposited as PLCH phase.


nanotechnology materials and devices conference | 2016

The use of biosensors for improving the development of nanotechnology under realistic-use scenarios: Applications for cheaper and more effective silver nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces

Enrique Navarro; Caroline Bonafos; Alessandro Pugliara; Maxime Bayle; Patrizio Benzo; Adnen Mlayah; K. Makasheva; Maria Del Carmen Sancho; Yolanda Echegoyen; G. BenAssayag; Béatrice Pécassou; Robert Carles; B. Wagner; R. Behra

The novel features, based on the exposure of a higher number of atoms on the surfaces, allow nanomaterials to exhibit new or improved features to consumer products, that should be carefully assessed. Here is presented a new method based on the use of biosensors (algal cells) to assess the release of dissolved silver from nanoparticles. Algae were exposed to a) differently coated nanoparticles, b) from nanoparticles differing in their silver content, and c) from nanostructured surfaces differing in the depth at which silver nanoparticles have been embedded. Results shown the importance of chemical coatings, the ratio protein-silver on the AgNP composition and the depth at which are implanted in surfaces, as factors modulating the release of dissolved Ag (i.e. the responsible of the biocide properties of such nanomaterials).

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Edward A. Boyle

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Jong-Mi Lee

University of California

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Sandra A. Cruz

Universidade Federal do ABC

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Éder C. Oliveira

Universidade Federal do ABC

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Carmen Cámara

Complutense University of Madrid

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Enrique Navarro

Spanish National Research Council

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