Yoshinori Okade

Making Standard for Ball Games in Physical Education (PE)

After the crisis of PE worldwide in the latter half of 1990’s (ICSSPE, 2001), one should be aware of the accountability of PE more strongly. As the background of such change, one recognizes the educational reform worldwide. But, typically seen in USA, one has not been successful in producing large-scale change necessary to improve school programs in physical education, nor has been players in most large-scale education reform efforts. This failure to be included in school reform can be attributed to the marginalized status of physical education within the school curriculum (Rink et al., 2003, p. 471). At the same time, one always criticizes the poor learning outcome in physical education and failure to change the recognition of physical education in society (Ennis, 2003, p. 123).