Yusuf Köklü

Comparison of the physiological responses to different small-sided games in elite young soccer players.

Köklü, Y, Aşçi, A, Koçak, FÜ, Alemdaroğlu, U, and Dündar, U. Comparison of the physiological responses to different small-sided games in elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 25(6): 1522-1528, 2011—The purpose of this study was to compare the blood lactate (La−), heart rate (HR) and percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax) responses among the small-sided games (SSGs) in elite young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 15.7 ± 0.4 years; height 176.8 ± 4.6 cm; body mass 65.5 ± 5.6 kg; &OV0312;o2max 53.1 ± 5.9 ml·kg−1·min−1; HRmax 195.9 ± 7.4 b·min−1) volunteered to perform the YoYo intermittent recovery test and 6 bouts of soccer drills including 1-a-side, 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games without a goalkeeper in random order at 2-day intervals. The differences in La−, HR and %HRmax either among the SSGs or among the bouts were identified using 4 × 6 (games × exercise bouts) 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Significant differences were found on La−, HR, and %HRmax among the bouts (p ≤ 0.05). The 3-a-side and 4-a-side games were significantly higher than 1-a-side and 2-a-side games on HR and %HRmax (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the 1-a-side game significantly resulted in higher La− responses compared to other SSGs. This study demonstrated that physiological responses during the 1-a-side and 2-a-side games were different compared to 3-a-side and 4-a-side games. Therefore, it can be concluded that a decreased number of players results in increased intensity during SSGs including 6 bouts. These results suggest that coaches should pay attention on choosing the SSG type and the number of bouts to improve desired physical conditioning of elite young soccer players in soccer training.

A Comparison Of Physiological Responses To Various Intermittent And Continuous Small-Sided Games In Young Soccer Players

A Comparison Of Physiological Responses To Various Intermittent And Continuous Small-Sided Games In Young Soccer Players The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological responses to various intermittent and continuous small-sided games (SSGs) - including 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games - in young soccer players. Twenty soccer players (average age 16.6±0.5 years; mean body height 176.2±4.6 cm; mean body mass 65.9±5.6 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects underwent anthropometric measurements followed by the YoYo intermittent recovery test. Then, they played intermittent (SSGint) and continuous (SSGcon) 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side soccer-specific SSGs in random order at 2-day intervals. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences between the training regimens (intermittent and continuous) in terms of heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax), and blood lactate concentration (LA). The differences in LA, HR and %HRmax between the 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGint or the 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGcon were identified using a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results demonstrated that the 3-a-side SSGint and SSGcon measurements were significantly higher than the 2-a-side and 4-a-side games in terms of HR and %HRmax, whereas the 2-a-side SSGint and SSGcon resulted in higher LA responses compared to other SSG types. The study results also demonstrated that SSGint and SSGcon are similar in terms of physiological responses except for 2-a-side game LA responses. The results of this study suggest that both SSGint and SSGcon could be used for the physiological adaptations required for soccer specific aerobic endurance.

A comparison of heart rate response and frequencies of technical actions between half-court and full-court 3-a-side games in high school female basketball players.

Abstract Atlı, H, Köklü, Y, Alemdaroğlu, U, and Ünver Koçak, F. A comparison of heart rate response and frequencies of technical actions between half-court and full-court 3-a-side games in high school female basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 27(2): 352–356, 2013—The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) response and frequency of technical actions between half-court and full-court 3-a-side games in female high school basketball players. Twelve young female basketball players (age 15.5 ± 0.5 years; height 165.1 ± 5.7 cm; body mass 57.3 ± 7.2 kg; training age 4.2 ± 0.7 years; HRmax 202.9 ± 5.6 b·min−1) participated in this study voluntarily. On the first day, anthropometric measurements (height and body mass) were taken for each player; this was followed by the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YIRT) level 1 for the subjects. Then, half-court and full-court 3-a-side games were organized in random order at 2-day intervals. The HRmax for each player was determined during the YIRT, after which the HR was measured during the 3-a-side games. In addition, the frequencies of different categories of technical actions were counted manually during the 3-a-side games. A paired t-test was calculated for each dependent variable, including HR, percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax), and the frequencies of different technical actions to compare half-court and full-court 3-a-side games. The study results indicate that the full-court 3-a-side games produced significantly higher responses than the half-court 3-a-side games in terms of HR and %HRmax (p < 0.05), whereas the half-court games resulted in significantly higher frequencies of technical actions (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that, if coaches want to achieve greater HR responses, coaches of female high school basketball players should organize full-court 3-a-side games, whereas coaches who want to focus on technical actions should arrange half-court 3-a-side games.

The Relationship Between Body Composition, Anaerobic Performance and Sprint Ability of Amputee Soccer Players

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance and sprint performance of amputee soccer players. Fifteen amputee soccer players participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage (Jackson and Pollock formula) and somatotype characteristics (Heath-Carter system) were determined. The sprint performance at 10m, 20m and 30m was evaluated, whereas the counter movement jump (CMJ), relative CMJ (RCMJ), squat jump (SJ) and relative SJ (RSJ) tests were used for the determination of anaerobic performance. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis indicated that body composition was significantly correlated with CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01), on the other hand, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the other component (p > 0.05). A significant correlation was found between CMJ, RCMJ, SJ, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.05); whereas, in contrast, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that sprint performance was described as an essential factor in anaerobic performance whereas body composition and somatotype play a determinant role in anaerobic and sprint performance in amputee soccer players.

Acute effects of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) on hemorheological parameters in female volleyball players

In the present study, we investigated possible alterations in red blood cell (RBC) deformability, plasma and whole blood viscosities (WBV) and hematological parameters in response to Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1) which is currently used to assess endurance performance, in female volleyball players. Eight volleyball player volunteers from Pamukkale University (mean age19,9 ± 2,2 years; mean body height 177.5 ± 1.99 cm; mean body mass index 21.66 ± 0.64 kg/m2) participated to the study. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after test. Red blood cell (RBC) deformability was determined by ektacytometer, plasma and whole blood viscosities (WBV) by a cone-plate rotational viscometer. Hematological parameters were determined using an electronic hematology analyzer. The Yo-YoIR1 applied, induced acute increments in WBV at native hematocrit (Hct) measured at a shear rate of 150 s-1 and 375 s-1, RBC deformability and WBC count. The results of the current study indicate that, the Yo-Yo IR1 test used to determine physical capacity of the player, by resulting in increments in RBC deformability contributes blood flow and thus, athletic performance of the individual.

Comparıson of the Heart Rate and Blood Lactate Responses of Different Small Sided Games in Young Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to compare the percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRmax), blood lactate (La−), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-10) responses across different formats of small-sided games (SSG) in elite young soccer players. Fourteen players (average age 16.7 ± 0.6 years; height 177.6 ± 4.1 cm; body mass 66.3 ± 4.7 kg; average training age 6.7 ± 1.6 years; percentage of body fat 8.4 ± 2.6%) volunteered to perform the YoYo intermittent recovery test (level 1) and eight bouts of soccer drills including 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games without goalkeepers in random order at two-day intervals. Heart rates were monitored throughout the SSGs, whereas the RPE and venous blood lactate were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The differences in La−, %HRmax, and RPE either across the different SSGs or between the bouts were identified using 3 × 8 (games × exercise bouts) two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Significant differences were found in terms of La−, RPE, and %HRmax among the different types of SSG (p ≤ 0.05). 3-a-side and 4-a-side games elicited significantly higher responses than 2-a-side games in terms of %HRmax (p ≤ 0.05), whereas 4-a-side games resulted in significantly lower La− and RPE responses compared to 2-a-side and 3-a-side games. The results of this study show that physiological responses differ according to the numbers of players involved in small-sided games. Therefore, it can be concluded that 3-a-side and 4-a-side games could be more effective in improving high intensity aerobic performance than 2-a-side games, which in turn are more appropriate for developing anaerobic performance.

EVALUATION OF AEROBIC CAPACITY IN SOCCER PLAYERS: COMPARISON OF FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maximal oxygen uptake ( · VO2max) values in soccer players as assessed by field and laboratory tests. Fourteen amateur soccer players (mean age: 21.9 ± 2.5) performed 2 maximal field tests: the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YIRT), and the 20-m multi-stage shuttle run test (MST), as well as 1 maximal test on the treadmill with the Bruce treadmill test (BTRT) protocol. A portable telemetric ergospirometry device was used during all the tests to determine · VO2max. In addition, an estimated · VO2max value was calculated for players after all the tests. At the end of the study, no significant differences were found between field and laboratory tests in terms of measured · VO2max, HRmax and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (p>0.05), whereas significant differences were found between field and laboratory tests in terms of estimated · VO2max (p<0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences between measured · VO2 and estimated · VO2max in BTRT, whereas significant differences were found between measured · VO2max and estimated · VO2max in both YIRT and MST. Finally, while there was a strong relationship between · VO2max and both MST and BTRT performance (distance covered), there was a moderate correlation between · VO2max and YIRT performance. This study results suggest that it is necessary to use ergospirometry to accurately estimate aerobic capacity in soccer players. In addition, both MST and YIRT could be used to determine HRmax of players, and MST has a strong relationship with · VO2max. Thus MST may also be a more favourable field-based assessment

Effects of Passive and Active Rest on Physiological Responses and Time Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 16.87 ± 0.34 years; body height 176.69 ± 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 ± 2.59 kg; training experience 3.75 ± 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones - walking (W, 0-6.9 km·h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km·h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km·h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km·h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La- (p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower %HRmax responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams’ performance capacity for subsequent bouts.

Comparative analysis of the 1-mile run test evaluation formulae: Assessment of aerobic capacity in male law enforcement officers aged 20–23 years

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare values of aerobic performance in the 1-mile run test (1-MRT) using different formulae.Material and MethodsAerobic capacities of 351 male volunteers working for the Turkish National Police within the age range of 20–23 years were evaluated by the 1-MRT and the 20-metre shuttle run (20-MST). VO2maxvalues were estimated by the prediction equations developed by George et al. (1993), Cureton et al. (1995) and Kline et al. (1987) for the 1-MRT and by Leger and Lambert (1982) for the 20-MST.ResultsThe difference between the results of the different formulae was significant (p = 0.000). The correlation coefficient between the estimated VO2max using Cureton’s equation, George’s equation, Kline’s equation and the 20-MST were 0.691 (p < 0.001), 0.486 (p < 0.001) and 0.608 (p < 0.001), respectively. The highest correlation coefficient was between the VO2max estimated by the 20-MST and Cureton’s equation. Similarly, the highest correlation coefficient (r = −0.779) was between the 1-mile run time and the VO2max estimated by Cureton’s equation.ConclusionsWhen analysing more vigorous exercise than sub-maximal exercise, we suggest that Cureton’s equation be used to predict the VO2max from 1-mile run/walk performance in large numbers of healthy individuals with high VO2max. This research compares the use of 3 different formulae to estimate VO2max from 1-mile run/walk performance in male law enforcement officers aged 20–23 years for the first time and reports the most accurate formula to use when evaluating aerobic capacities of large numbers of healthy individuals.

GENÇ FUTBOLCULARDA YO-YO ARALIKLI TOPARLANMA TEST (SEVİYE 1) VE TEKRARLI SPRİNT TEST PERFORMANSLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ.

Bu arastirma genc futbolcularin Yo-Yo Aralikli Toparlanma Testi seviye 1 (YIRT1) ve tekrarli sprint performans degerleri arasindaki iliskileri belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Arastirmaya 15 futbolcu (yas= 16.00r0.84 yil; vucut agirligi= 62.60r7.74 kg; boy uzunlugu= 1.68r0.04 cm) gonullu olarak katilmistir. Sporculara oncelikle dayaniklilik performanslarini belirlemek icin YIRT1 uygulanirken, tekrarli sprint performanslarini belirlemek icin 25 sn dinlenmeli 7x34.2 m tekrarli sprint testi uygulanmistir. Testler sonucunda futbolcularin performans degerleri arasindaki iliskilere Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanilarak bakilmistir. Calisma sonucunda YIRT1 performansi ile tekrarli sprint performansindan elde edilen yorgunluk indeksi ve toplam zaman arasinda iliski tespit edilmemistir (r= 0.04, r= -0.35; p > 0.05). Bu durum tekrarli sprint performansina aerobik dayaniklilik disinda baska performans degerlerinin de etki ettigini gostermektedir